Sermon Tone Analysis

If it’s weird it’s important

Last week we saw that many of the common views of Gen 6:1-4 are seriously flawed.

We need to remember that the proper context for reading any biblical text is the context in which it was written.

The Biblical writers of the New Testament were influenced by works in their own culture.

They knew nothing of the Sethite view or of any view that makes the “sons of God” in Gen 6: 1-4 humans.

Our goal today is to revisit the passage and dig deeper.

When we take it on its own terms, we can determine it’s character and meaning.

The Ancient Near Eastern Context

That the first 11 chapters of Genesis and Mesopotamian literature have many connections is obvious and ot really disputed by anyone credible.

The story of creation, the genealogies before the flood, the flood itself, and the tower of Babel incident all have secure connections to the Mesopotamian literature.

The issue is not the source, but the age of the extant material.

Gen 6: 1-4 has connections with Mesopotamian literature, and it is not commonly examined.

Jewish materials like 1st Enoch that retold the story show a keen awareness of that.

This awareness shows us that Jewish thinkers of the Second Temple period understood, correctly, that the story involved divine beings and giant offspring.

That understanding is essential to grasping what the Biblical writers were trying to communicate.

Gen 6: 1-4 is a polemic; it is a literary and theological effort to undermine the credibility of the gods of Mesopotamia and the cultural worldview of the region.

Biblical writers do this a lot - a lot.

The strategy often involves borrowing lines and motifs from the literature of the target civilization to articulate correct theology about YHWH and show contempt for other gods.

this text is a case study.

The ANE had several versions of the story of the Flood, complete with an ark that saves humans and animals.

They include mention of a group of sages (apkallus) who were possessors of great knowledge in the period before the flood.

These apkallus were divine beings.

Many of them were considered evil.

After the flood, offspring of the apkallus were said to be human in descent and 2/3 apkallus.

in other words they were quasi-divine offspring.

The parallels are impossible to miss.

Gilgamesh was one of these, and a giant who retained knowledge before the flood.

In the ANE literature we now have and can interpret (remember only 9 documents of Tiberius) these beings are banished beneath the earth. 2 Peter and Jude retain this thought.

sons of God: Watchers, sons of heaven, Holy Ones

The divine transgression before the flood is retold in several Jewish texts from the intertestamental period.

At least one has the divine offenders coming to earth to “fix” the mess that was humanity — to provide direction and leadership through their knowledge.

They were trying to help, assumed flesh, and could not resist its urges.

The more common version of events, one more sinister, is found in 1 Enoch 6-11.

This is the reading that informed Peter and Jude.

It reads like the central bible text to this study.

And when the sons of men had multiplied, in those days, beautiful and comely daughters were born to them.

And the watchers, the sons of heaven, saw them and desired them.

And they said to one another, “Come, let us choose for ourselves wives from the daughters of men, and let us beget for ourselves children

The account has the watchers descending to Mount Hermon, a site that will factor into the biblical epic in unexpected ways.

Watcher is not new to us, it is in Dan. 4, one of the section written in Aramaic not Hebrew.

This is the only place watchers, holy ones and the council are connected in the bible.

So in 1 Enoch the offspring of the watchers were giants.

the ANE’s were known as watchers and their offspring were giants.

clear and direct connection.

The Nephilim

what this word means is the subject of a lot of debate.

Any discussion of it must account for, not ignore or violate, the context in which this was written.

Another issue is the Septuagint… translation of OT into greek.

Nephilim is twice in the bible Gen6:4 and Numbers 13:33 … and the Septuagint translates as giants (giga).

At this point I should be able to stop and say … they are giants.

But many commentators argue that it means “fallen ones” or “those who fall upon” (a battle expression).

This comes from the idea that the word comes from n-p-l (naphal) which means to fall.

But it also lets them avoid the quasi-divine nature and the giant part.

Therefore sons of God are human.

But…in the context of when it was written, and translated to greek they are giants.

even if this is the source it does not exclude the divine nature of the beings.

Jewish writes think giants when they see this word.

There must be a reason for that.

Okay … sorry spelling lesson (TCK)… Nephilim is spelled two ways in the Hebrew bible… nephilim and nephiylim.... the y in the second spelling.

no vowels .. the y is a constanant.

Those who fall would have been spelled nophelim; if it meant fallen — nephulim ...

here they are giants clearly … naphiyla — in aramiac means gaint … borrowed and in Gen and Numbers

assume giants …

The strategy of Gen 6

What does this all mean?

Why is it in the Bible… it is a polemic as we have said …and direct contradiction of ANE theology … the offsping and being were in rebellion and not of the true God.. they transgressed.. they were demonic.. this is the conflict … evil vs God’s followers…

so the FALL 1st, Gen 6 SECOND, what is the third transgression?

From the Flood to Babel

Men of renown mighty warriors — gibborim ....

Nimord is one (name means rebellion)

The Tower of Babel

This episode is not a bad construction project and language confusion only.

It is at the heart of the OT worldview.

At Babel they were make a name for themselves ---men of renown — glory to them not God

Let “us” go down.... this is a plural announcement … then God dispersed them...

but another text connects

Deuteronomy 32:8–9 (ESV)

When the Most High gave to the nations their inheritance,

when he divided mankind,

he fixed the borders of the peoples

according to the number of the sons of God.

But the Lord’s portion is his people,

Jacob his allotted heritage.

God disinherits those who build the tower… connects with Romans 1: 18-25

God chose and kept Jacob… he will begin anew with a people that did not exist yet

God apparently decided that most people who were in persistent rebellion would no longer be in relationship with Him, he began again

The implications of this decision and this passage are crucial to understanding much of what is happening in the Old Testament.

And we know little about this episode.

Most English bibles do not read “sons of God” but rather “sons of Isreal” just think about this for a second....this is referring to Babel, before call of Abraham… nations divided before Isreal exists as a people, and they never rule the nations in the Table of Nations.

The Deuteronomy 32 World View

So what happened to the other nations?

What does it mean that they were apportioned as an inheritance according to the number of the sons of God?

As odd as it sounds, the rest of the nations were placed under the authority of members of the divine council… assigned to lesser elohim as a judgment from the Most High

See Deut 4: 19-20

this is the other side of the punitive coin.. God “don’t want me, I’ll give you to another being” here is some of the background to Psalm 82.... at the end of that Psalm it reads “rise up, O God, judge the earth, because you shall inherit the nations

The Tower might seem harsh … but God is not some glorified building inspector.

Remember divine beings live on Mountains.. the Tower of Babel was most likely a ziggurat.

a divine abode, places where the culture of the ANE believed heaven and earth intersected.

The purpose of the building was to bring the divine to earth.

The biblical author wastes no time in liking this passage to the Gen 6: 1-4 transgression.