The Communion
The Problem
PASSOVER (פִּסְחָא, pischa'; פֶּסַח, pesach; Πάσχα, Pascha). A sacred observance in Judaism that commemorates the climactic 10th plague in the book of Exodus, when Yahweh punishes Egypt by killing all the firstborn but “passes over” (פָּסַח, pasach) the firstborn of Israel (Exod 12:12–13), resulting in the Israelites’ deliverance from slavery in Egypt (Exod 12:14–17).
The Institution of Passover
Passover is celebrated on the 14th day of the first month Abib (later called Nisan). The observance is instituted within the narrative framework of the exodus story where Yahweh brought plagues of increasing severity against Egypt to demonstrate his power and bring about the deliverance of the Israelites from Egyptian slavery (Exod 1–12).
The 10th and final plague was the death of all the firstborn—human and animal—in Egypt (Exod 11:4–6). God punished Egypt but spared the firstborn of Israel, as long as the Israelites properly followed Moses’ instructions. On the night of the plague, the Israelites were instructed to stay in their homes after slaughtering a lamb and placing its blood on the lintel and doorposts of their houses (Exod 12:7, 21–22). The blood was to be a sign that distinguished the Israelites and separated them from the intended victims of the plague (Exod 12:13, 23). Since the people were to be ready to depart Egypt at a moment’s notice, they were to eat the lamb quickly, dressed to travel and with staff in hand (Exod 12:11).