First and Second Person Personal Pronouns
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Greek 1 Chapter 11 First and Second Person Personal Pronouns
English:
Pronoun: A word that replaces a noun. “Bob is neat. He is nice.” He is a pronoun referring back to Bob (the antecedent).
Personal Pronoun: a pronoun that replaces a personal noun. In the previous example “he” is a personal pronoun.
Person: Pronouns can be first, second, or third person.
First person refers to the person speaking (“I”, “we”).
Second person refers to the person being spoken to (“you”).
Third person refers to that which is spoken about (“he,” “she,” “it,” “they”). All nouns are considered third person.
The English pronoun is inflected and changes form depending on its function. In the case of the second person singular and plural there is no easy way to distinguish apart from context.
Case, Number, and Person
1. The case of a pronoun is determined by its function in the sentence. Ex. In the sentence “I am writing on the beloved white board” the pronoun is the subject of the sentence and so the form of the pronoun is “I” rather than “me” because “I” is in the subjective case. “Me” is in the objective case.
2. The number of the pronoun is determined by the antecedent. In the first example that we used “Bob is neat. He is nice” you would use the pronoun “he” rather than “they” because “he” is singular.
3. The person of the pronoun is determined by the antecedent. The pronoun “he” in our example is third person because “Bob”, the antecedent, is the one being spoken about.
4. There is no gender in the first and second person. We will discuss the third person, which is gendered, next chapter.
English Forms:
First Person Second Person
Subjective sg I you
Possessive sg my your
Objective sg me you
Subjective pl we you
Possessive pl our your
Objective pl us you
The Greek personal pronoun is similar to the English pronoun
It replaces a noun
Its case is determined by its function in the sentence
Its number and person are determined by its antecedent
First and second person pronouns do not have gender
Greek Forms
First Person Second Person
Nom sg ἐγω I συ you
Gen sg μου (ἐμοῦ) my σου your
Dat sg μοι (ἐμοί) to me σοι to you
Acc sg με (ἐμέ) me σε you
Nom pl ἡμεις we ὑμεις you
Gen pl ἡμῶν our ὑμῶν your
Dat pl ἡμῖν to us ὑμῖν to you
Acc pl ἡμας us ὑμας you
Form: There are a number of similarities between this paradigm and others you have already learned (notice that the Gen Pl remains our favorite and most consistent). Also notice that with the exception of the Nom Sing the forms are identical except for the first letter.
Accents: In the first person singular of the genitive, dative, and accusative, the pronoun will sometimes include an ε and an accent. This form is known as the emphatic form, so if your really want to be emphatic you should say “ὁ λογος ἐμοῦ.”
The second person personal pronoun also has an accented form that shows emphasis; however, it will not pick up the ε.
The emphatic form does not change the underlying meaning, it simply provides emphasis. Your textbook notes that “The emphatic form is used when the author wants to be especially emphatic, usually in contrasting one person with another…The contrast is usually difficult to bring into English. Emphatic forms also tend to be used after prepositions” (113).
Ex. Ἔξελθε (Go Away!) ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ, ὅτι ἀνὴρ ἁμαρτωλός εἰμι, κύριε· Lk 5:8.
Parsing: When parsing a first or second person personal pronoun you list the case, number, person, lexical form, and the inflected meaning. ἐμοί is dative, singular, first person, ἐγω, “to me.” Your turn. Parse ὑμῶν.
Translation Procedure. You have been taught when dividing a sentence to set apart the subject, but to keep the genitive with its head noun. You are going to continue to do the same thing for the personal pronouns.
Ex. ἐγὼ / ἐβάπτισα / ὑμᾶς ὕδατι, / αὐτὸς δὲ / βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς / ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ Mk 1:8.
More on the Third Declension
Stems in τ and δ. We’re just going over some additional patterns for the third declension; however, remembering your seventh noun rule you’ll know that τ and δ will interact similarly with the σ because they are both ______________ (dentals).
χαριτ φωτ (neut) ἐλπιδ σαρκ
nom sg χαρις φως ἐλπις σαρξ
gen sg χαριτος φωτος ἐλπιδος σαρκος
dat sg χαριτι φωτι ἐλπιδι σαρκι
acc sg χαριτα* φως ἐλπιδα σαρκα
nom pl χαριτες φωτα ἐλπιδες σαρκες
gen pl χαριτων φωτων ἐλπιδων σαρκων
dat pl χαρισι(ν) φωσι(ν) ἐλπισι(ν) σαρξι(ν)
acc pl χαριτας φωτα ἐλπιδας σαρκας
(χαριτα: the ending α is the usual accusative singular case ending for this category except for χαρις. The accusative singular occurs forty-four times, and only two of those occurrences uses the form χαριτα while the other forty-two are χαριν).
Consonantal ι stems: The word πιστις appears to have a final stem vowel of ι; however, you’ll notice that the paradigm does not quite follow what we would expect. Well, this is because, prior to koine Greek, there was a consonantal ι. When this dropped out of use, it was replaced with an ι or an ε. This means that the stem for πιστις will actually shift depending on what the case ending begins with.
The rule is: if the case ending begins with a vowel, the final stem vowel is an ε. If the case ending begins with a consonant, the final stem vowel is an ι. But in the dative plural, an ε precedes the σ.
You could memorize that rule, or just recognize that the stem of πιστις type words will end in either ι or ε.
nom sg πιστις
gen sg πιστεως
dat sg πιστει
acc sg πιστιν
nom pl πιστεις
gen pl πιστεων
dat pl πιστεσι(ν)
acc pl πιστεις
All nouns that end with the consonantal ι are feminine.
Two Final Patterns:
nom sg ὕδωρ πατηρ μητηρ ἀνηρ
gen sg ὕδατος πατρος μητρος ἀνδρος
dat sg ὕδατι πατρι μητρι ἀνδρι
acc sg ὕδωρ πατερα μητερα ἄνδρα
nom pl ὕδατα πατερες __ ἄνδρες
gen pl ὑδατων πατερων __ ἀνδρων
dat pl ὕδασι(ν) πατρασι(ν) __ ἀνδρασι(ν)
acc pl ὕδατα πατερας μητερας ἄνδρας
“The stem of ὕδωρ appears to end in a τ, which is seen in most of the forms. But when there is no case ending (nom and acc sing), the original final ρ reappears.
πατηρ is formed from the stem πατερ. The second stem vowel fluctuates between η (πατηρ), ε (πατερα), and nothing (πατρος). In the dative plural the stem vowel is lost and an α added (πατρασι) to aid pronunciation.”