2 Timothy

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SECOND TIMOTHY
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Time and Place or When and Where
Within three years after his release from his Roman imprisonment (1 Timothy), Paul was arrested and taken back to Rome.
The cause of his arrest is unknown.
Some have suggested that Nero blamed the burning of Rome upon the Christians since they believed and taught a destruction of the world by fire (cf. 2 Peter 3:10–14).
Since Paul was known to Nero as one of the leaders of this new religion, he was naturally apprehended.
Others feel that Alexander the coppersmith brought formal charges against the apostle either at Ephesus or at Rome (2 Tim. 4:14).
If this is the same Alexander mentioned elsewhere (Acts 19:33; 1 Tim. 1:20), then he may have been a Judaizer, a false teacher of the law, whom Paul severely disciplined. In his anger toward Paul, he may have stirred up old charges of political insurrection against the apostle.
The place of arrest is also unknown, perhaps Nicopolis or Troas. Some believe Troas because where Paul left behind his stuff (cloak, books, parchments; 2 Timothy 4:13) in that city.
If he underwent a quick, hostile seizure in Troas, then it is very likely that he was rushed off to Rome without an opportunity to contact his friends or to gather his things.
Before he wrote this Epistle, Paul had already given one defense of his theological and political position in the Roman court (4:16).
By that time many of his associates had already left him for good purposes or had deserted him (4:10–12; cf. 4:16).
No verdict was reached at this first trial, but Paul knew that his martyrdom was imminent (4:17; cf. 4:6–8).
Out of a concern for Timothy and a desire to see him before his death, Paul wrote to his young associate who was probably still at Ephesus to rejoin him at Rome. Thus, this book was Paul’s last, written from a Roman prison shortly before his martyrdom (A.D. 64–67).
Purpose or Why it was written/Outline
In this communication Paul wanted to encourage Timothy not to be afraid but to continue on unashamedly his ministry (1:1–18);
to exhort him to suffer for Christ, not to deny Him (2:1–13);
to charge the Ephesian congregation not to be divisive (2:14–26);
to inform Timothy about the moral character of the coming false teachers (3:1–5);
to cause him to turn away from such false teachers (3:5–9);
to present to him Paul’s own example of stedfastness in the midst of persecutions (3:10–13);
to recommend that he continue to develop spiritual maturity based upon the Scriptures (3:14–17);
to charge him to preach the Word of God in spite of men’s desires for religious novelty (4:1–4);
to urge him to complete his ministry (4:5);
to inform Timothy of his imminent martyrdom (4:6–8);
to ask Timothy to come to Rome, bringing Mark and his personal possessions (4:9–13);
to warn him about Alexander (4:14–15);
to inform him about the results of the first trial (4:16–18);
to send greetings to some of his friends at Ephesus (4:19–20);
and to send greetings to Timothy from the brethren at Rome (4:21–22).
Nero was the Roman emperor at the time of Paul’s imprisonment, trial, and martyrdom.
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Survey/Outline
1:1–18
After his greeting, Paul stated that he was praying for Timothy constantly, desiring to see him and to relieve him of his sorrow over Paul’s seizure. It is very plausible that Timothy witnessed Paul’s sudden arrest at Ephesus and that he was prevented from accompanying the apostle to Rome (1:4; cf. 1:15, 18; 4:14–15).
Paul then used Timothy’s family spiritual heritage as a reminder and encouragement to stir up his spiritual gift or ministry of teaching that Paul had authoritatively imparted unto him. Timothy was apparently fearful of his life (and Paul’s), so Paul explained that the Holy Spirit does not produce anxiety, but stability within the believer’s life. He charged Timothy not to be ashamed of the ministry or of Paul, but to be involved in persecutions because of God’s eternal purpose which was being worked out in their lives. A Christian need not fear death, because Christ destroyed death through His resurrection. Paul then expressed three major convictions of his life: “I am appointed”; “I am not ashamed”; “I am persuaded.” Following his example, Paul challenged Timothy to hold fast the truth and to keep or guard his ministry. This was especially important since the defection in the province of Asia (where Timothy was) was intense. Paul then cited the family of Onesiphorus who ministered to Paul’s needs and who was not ashamed of Paul’s imprisonment either at Ephesus or in Rome.
2:1–26
Paul continued to encourage his young associate with a series of directives: be strong (2:1); commit (2:2); endure hardness (2:3); consider (2:7); remember (2:8); put them in remembrance (2:14); study (2:15); shun (2:16); flee (2:22); follow (2:22); and avoid (2:23). He wanted Timothy to continue his multiplication ministry of teaching, to endure the difficulties of the ministry, not to get involved in the worldly ways of making a living, to strive for excellence in his ministry and to endure suffering for the spiritual benefit of others. He wanted Timothy to avoid profitless discussions (2:14–16), to avoid the sinful practices that doctrinal perversions produce (2:17–19), to be pure in doctrine and life (2:20–22), and to express such qualities as the servant of the Lord that would attract the deceived to the Lord (2:23–26).
3:1–13
Paul reminded Timothy that conditions both in the world and in the church would deteriorate. He then listed twenty characteristics of the apostates (3:2–5). Timothy was to withdraw from such people because these were the types who perverted local churches and who resisted the genuine spokesmen for God (3:5–9). Paul then admonished him to follow the apostle’s example (set forth in nine ways), to live godly, and to suffer persecutions at the hands of evil men.
3:14–4:8
He wanted Timothy both to continue in the Word and to preach it (3:14; 4:2). The reasons for doing so were numerous: the character of Paul as his teacher (3:14); the ability of Scripture to prepare men for salvation (3:15); the authority of the Word (3:16a); the necessity of the Word to a mature life (3:16b–17); the evaluation of his ministry at the judgment seat of Christ (4:1); and the tendency of men to prefer religious novelty (4:3–4). In a series of commands, Paul finally charged his associate to complete his ministry: preach, be instant, reprove, rebuke, exhort, watch, endure, do, and make full proof of his ministry. The reason was clear: Paul’s ministry was over; therefore, Timothy had to take over (4:6–8).
4:9–22
Paul then charged Timothy to come to Rome. This would require an act of love and spiritual courage. Paul then mentioned that only Luke was with him; others either had defected (Demas) or had been sent by Paul to various cities (Tychicus). He wanted Timothy to bring Mark, his cloak, parchments, and his books when he came. He then warned him about Alexander and informed him of the results of the first trial. He concluded by sending greetings and by pronouncing a benediction.
Verse by Verse Breakdown
2 TIMOTHY
Hold Fast to the Gospel (1:1–4:22)
If Pauline authorship is accepted, this is Paul’s last letter before his martyrdom in approximately AD 68. It is his charge to Timothy to keep his faith, to teach others the gospel message he has proclaimed, and to avoid frivolous discussions that appear spiritual but are meant to cause division.
FAITHFULNESS IN MINISTRY (1:1–2:13)
Paul encourages Timothy to remain faithful despite the hardships and persecution that come to those who keep faith in the Lord. This first half of the letter emphasizes Paul and Timothy’s personal connection, and Paul draws attention to his own experience to encourage Timothy (see 1:11–12; 2:9–10).
Thanksgiving and Encouragement (1:1–18)
Paul wants Timothy to boldly proclaim the gospel message that he has known and has witnessed others proclaim. He also desires for Timothy to remain loyal and devoted to him. He warns Timothy to be prepared to face suffering as Paul has for the gospel. Timothy should rely on the Holy Spirit and his spiritual gifts when faced with opposition.
Greeting (1:1–2)
Paul begins with the common first-century salutation found throughout the NT letters. He announces who the letter is from and provides a brief autobiographical description of himself. He then names his intended audience, and finally he provides a formal greeting.

2 Ti 1:1 PAUL, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, according to the promise of life which is in Christ Jesus,

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1:1 Paul identifies himself as an apostle. Paul’s using Jesus Christ may serve to emphasize his view that Jesus is the awaited-for Messiah.

2 To Timothy, my dearly beloved son: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Lord.

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1:2 The wording indicates a clear paternal intimacy between Paul and Timothy based on their mutual faith.
Timothy’s Faith and Heritage (1:3–7)
Paul offers up a brief synopsis of Timothy’s faith journey to remind him that his faith is firmly part of his life.

3 I thank God, whom I serve from my forefathers with pure conscience, that without ceasing I have remembrance of thee in my prayers night and day;

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1:3 Paul offers up an appeal that whatever his present circumstances are (in prison at the time of this writing), he is not neglecting to continually pray for Timothy because of his own situation. The “night and day” time frame should be understood figuratively rather than literally, but Paul likely sees this as his ministry to Timothy while he is unable to help him in other ways.

4 Greatly desiring to see thee, being mindful of thy tears, that I may be filled with joy

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1:4 They have been separated for a period of time, and it is likely that both Paul and Timothy know it is their last time together. This is the wish of a man knowing he will likely die soon: to spend a few more moments with his loved one.

5 When I call to remembrance the unfeigned faith that is in thee, which dwelt first in thy grandmother Lois, and thy mother Eunice; and I am persuaded that in thee also.

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1:5 Paul reminds Timothy of the legacy of faith that runs through his family. Timothy’s father is Greek, but his mother is Jewish (Acts 16:1) and has passed her faith on to her son. It seems likely that this faith was passed down to his mother by her own mother. This heritage of faith is a wonderful gift, and Paul wants Timothy to know that he has full confidence that Timothy has inherited this blessing.

6 Wherefore I put thee in remembrance that thou stir up the gift of God, which is in thee by the putting on of my hands.

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1:6 Paul is offering Timothy words of encouragement to keep his faith. He recognizes how easily it is for our gifts to smolder and need to be rekindled. He is telling Timothy to do those things necessary to retain that faith.

7 For God hath not given us the spirit of fear; but of power, and of love, and of a sound mind.

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1:7 While this is undoubtedly a message to Timothy, whom some suspect was quiet and timid (cf 1 Cor 16:10), it may well be that Paul is reminding himself of this message also. He is preparing to face his own death and, as many martyrs note, it requires power, love, and self-discipline to go willingly to one’s own death.
Not Ashamed of the Gospel (1:8–12)
This section is about Paul’s belief in the resurrection and is encouraging Timothy to believe in the same. Paul holds that it is because of his belief in resurrection that he is in prison; there is no other reason for his situation in Paul’s mind. And it is to this theological belief that Paul wants Timothy to remain true.

8 Be not thou therefore ashamed of the testimony of our Lord, nor of me his prisoner: but be thou partaker of the afflictions of the gospel according to the power of God;

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1:8 It would be easy to reject both the message and the messenger associated with prison. But, springboarding from the previous sentence about not having a spirit of cowardice, Paul challenges Timothy to suffer in his faith like Paul has for the gospel message.

9 Who hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world began,

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1:9 Paul reaffirms that one’s calling and salvation are not based on personal works or value but on God and God’s “purpose and grace.” Paul affirms that God’s grace has always been in existence through Christ Jesus; it did not need humanity to create a situation whereby God would have to invoke grace. Grace was already part of God’s approach toward humanity.

10 But is now made manifest by the appearing of our Saviour Jesus Christ, who hath abolished death, and hath brought life and immortality to light through the gospel:

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1:10 God’s grace is revealed to humanity by way of the Messiah, who physically appeared on earth. Jesus Christ does a very particular work in Paul’s Christology: he abolishes death and reveals both true life and resurrection (which, Paul repeatedly claims, is why he is imprisoned). Christ Jesus is the revelation that resurrection occurs.

11 Whereunto I am appointed a preacher, and an apostle, and a teacher of the Gentiles.

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1:11 Paul is one sent with the good news of the resurrection. He was appointed by God to go, proclaim, and teach about the resurrection.
12 For the which cause I also suffer these things: nevertheless I am not ashamed: for I know whom I have believed, and am persuaded that he is able to keep that which I have committed unto him against that day.
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1:12 Paul explains his imprisonment is due to his belief and teaching that Jesus the Christ offers immortality. He will not deny his convictions on this matter and trusts God will maintain his hope.
Be Loyal to the Faith (1:13–18)
Paul encourages Timothy to stay true to the gospel they have been teaching despite the imprisonment and abandonment Paul is experiencing.

13 Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou hast heard of me, in faith and love which is in Christ Jesus.

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1:13 Paul does not want Timothy to lose hope as he recognizes Paul’s dire situation is likely to be his own in forthcoming trials. Paul wants him to continue proclaiming the resurrection in faith and love.

14 That good thing which was committed unto thee keep by the Holy Ghost which dwelleth in us.

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1:14

15 This thou knowest, that all they which are in Asia be turned away from me; of whom are Phygellus and Hermogenes.

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1:15 There is no additional information about Phygelus and Hermogenes, and any commentary on them would be speculation. The province of Asia is modern-day western Turkey.

16 The Lord give mercy unto the house of Onesiphorus; for he oft refreshed me, and was not ashamed of my chain:

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1:16 Paul’s chains should not be understood figuratively, as some minor persecution or inconvenience, but as actual chains worn during his imprisonment. This is a very different imprisonment than he had during his third missionary journey, where he was under house arrest (cf. Acts 28:30). Onesiphorus is likely a believer from Ephesus (cf. 1:18).

17 But, when he was in Rome, he sought me out very diligently, and found me.

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1:17 Another indication that Paul is not free to roam about freely. In fact, this implies that few people even knew where to find his prison/dungeon cell. But this faithful brother made concerted efforts to do so while in Rome (we do not know whether he was in Rome specifically to look for Paul or for some other reason and looked for Paul while he was there). Undoubtedly Paul has great feelings of affection for such an act.

18 The Lord grant unto him that he may find mercy of the Lord in that day: and in how many things he ministered unto me at Ephesus, thou knowest very well.

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1:18 Paul is offering a blessing on Onesiphorus. The day Paul is referring to is likely judgment day at the end of time.
Be Strong in Grace (2:1–13)
This passage summarizes and reiterates Paul’s message to Timothy in 1:3–18. Paul encourages Timothy to endure the hardships that come with proclaiming and teaching about Jesus Christ. The theme of suffering for the sake of the gospel continues in this passage.
Metaphors for Ministry (2:1–7)
Paul assures Timothy that continuing on in the faith will not be in vain. Paul provides three examples of groups who endure: soldiers, athletes, and farmers. Each of them offers examples of staying focused on the goal they are trying to attain.

2:1 Thou therefore, my son, be strong in the grace that is in Christ Jesus.

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2:1 Paul cannot urge Timothy enough to remain true to his commitment to Jesus Christ.

2 And the things that thou hast heard of me among many witnesses, the same ecommit thou to faithful men, who shall be able to teach others also.

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2:2 Paul states that he has not been secretive or subtle in the message that he has proclaimed. He has done it among many people. He is now telling Timothy to present that same message to others who are trustworthy and able to carry it forth.

3 Thou therefore endure hardness, as a good soldier of Jesus Christ.

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2:3 Paul offers the example of a solider in terms of how to go about enduring these hardships. It is not an easy life and requires much discipline and self-sacrifice.

4 No man that warreth entangleth himself with the affairs of this life; that he may please him who hath chosen him to be a soldier.

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2:4 The analogy is that soldiers are focused on the task set before them by their commander. Timothy needs to keep this same type of focus as he follows Christ Jesus.

5 And if a man also strive for masteries, yet is he not crowned, except he strive lawfully.

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2:5 Paul provides an example of the athlete whose goal is to win the crown, an illustration he uses with the Corinthians regarding being disciplined (cf. 1 Cor 9:24–27). Here Paul emphasizes not so much the discipline required to be an athlete, but the need to follow the rules of the game. If Timothy expects a crown of righteousness, then he must behave in godly ways.

6 ||The husbandman that laboureth must be first partaker of the fruits.

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2:6 Last, Paul gives an example of a farmer who expects to see the fruit of his or her labor. In each of these roles, the people work diligently and with a singular focus.

7 Consider what I say; and the Lord give thee understanding in all things.

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2:7 Perhaps Paul worries that Timothy will not understand his analogies—Timothy likely does not have the same educational background as Paul. But Paul is confident that with some time and the Lord’s leading, Timothy will be able to discern the meaning of these examples.
Good Theology Motivates Ministry (2:8–13)
Paul presents part of his christological beliefs, including the full humanity and full divinity of Jesus Christ, and the willingness to admit union with Christ Jesus for salvation.

8 Remember that Jesus Christ of the seed of David was raised from the dead according to my gospel:

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2:8 The good news that Paul proclaims is the humanity of Jesus Christ and his deity by way of his resurrection. Paul is making the claim that Jesus Christ is both fully human and fully divine.

9 Wherein I suffer trouble, as an evil doer, even unto bonds; but the word of God is not bound.

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2:9 Although Paul is bound in prison, the gospel message that he is proclaiming (the full humanity and divinity of Jesus Christ by way of resurrection) is still being preached—an action Paul has already encouraged Timothy to continue earlier in this letter (cf. 2:2).

10 Therefore I endure all things for the elect’s sakes, that they may also obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus with eternal glory.

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2:10 Paul is willing to sacrifice his freedom and his life (which this letter seems to make him fully aware of his impending martyrdom) in order to help others come to the saving knowledge of Jesus Christ.

11 It is a faithful saying: For if we be dead with him, we shall also live with him:

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2:11 Paul uses the phrase “the saying is trustworthy” to highlight a major theological doctrine he wants to emphasize (compare 1 Tim 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; Titus 3:8). Verses 11–13 are likely lyrics to an early Christian hymn that encourages believers to not abandon faith in time of trouble. At the end of Paul’s life, violent persecution is occurring against Christians under Emperor Nero.

12 If we suffer, we shall also reign with him: if we deny him, he also will deny us:

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2:12 While we should not derive too much doctrine from hymnology, this is a rephrasing of Jesus Christ’s teaching found in Matt 10:32–33.

13 If we believe not, yet he abideth faithful: he cannot deny himself.

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2:13 The truth is that God is God is faithful and we are not.
BE PREPARED FOR DIFFICULTIES IN MINISTRY (2:14–4:8)
MAJOR TURN IN LETTER
In this section of the letter, Paul turns his attention to instructions on how to address opposition within the church. Paul is preparing Timothy for the challenges that lay before him as a preacher and a teacher. This is a difficult path, but one that Timothy has been called to travel. Paul cannot stress enough the need for Timothy to remain faithful and teach the truth that he has been taught.
Approved and Disapproved Workers (2:14–26)
Paul gives Timothy counsel on leading his ministry and being a servant pleasing to God. The passage includes commands in the second person addressed to Timothy, relating to how he should guide his church.
True Words vs False Words (2:14–19)
Paul is likely writing to Timothy against an early form of gnostic heresy that does not take the resurrection literally. He advises Timothy to avoid these conversations because they tend to wreck people’s faith.

14 Of these things put them in remembrance, charging them before the Lord that they strive not about words to no profit, but to the subverting of the hearers.

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2:14 This is a common theme of Paul’s Pastoral Epistles. He warns Timothy not get into useless arguments about things that do not matter in the scheme of salvation. These types of arguments cause division and strife and are therefore not profitable.

15 Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth.

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2:15 Paul is not suggesting a works salvation—that Timothy can do enough good to impress God. Rather, he must teach and interpret the word of God accurately and correctly because he has received salvation. This is the objection Paul has to false teachers; they claim salvation but mishandle and corrupt God’s word.

16 But shun profane and vain babblings: for they will increase unto more ungodliness.

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2:16 Believers should avoid “chatter” in relationship to faith and Christian doctrine. The word “chatter” emphasizes the unimportance of a conversation. While Paul could be a warning against vulgar or indecent talk, the context indicates that he is referring to theological arguments focusing on the minutiae that draw people away from salvation rather than the important message of salvation.

17 And their word will eat as doth a canker: of whom is Hymenaeus and Philetus;

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2:17 These types of conversation quickly spread because they appear so very spiritual; however, they can cause quarrels that disease the body of Christ. Paul names two men who have done exactly this: Hymenaeus and Philetus. It should be said that Paul is not advocating a moratorium on theological discussions. He frequently engages in such conversations in his letters and in the book of Acts. He is warning that such conversations have the ability to turn into “chatter” and produce nothing more than division and heresy.

18 Who concerning the truth have erred, saying that the resurrection is past already; and overthrow the faith of some.

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2:18 This is the heresy that Hymenaeus and Philetus have promoted: that the resurrection has already occurred (or perhaps that resurrection is a figurative idea rather than a literal one, a claim of some gnostics). This is undoubtedly very troubling to believers, as they have hoped in Christ for a physical/literal resurrection but have not experienced it. Their message is sowing confusion perhaps similar to the situation in 1 Cor 15:12–19.

19 Nevertheless the foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord knoweth them that are his. And, Let every one that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity.

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2:19 “The Lord knows who are his” is a quote from Num 16:5 in reference to those Israelites who are rebelling against God. In its original context, the phrase distinguishes between those who are following Moses’s leadership and those who are siding with Korah’s rebellion.
The Master’s Vessels (2:20–21)
Paul uses the analogy of utensils and the material substances they are made from to explain how God uses his people.

20 But in a great house there are not only vessels of gold and of silver, but also of wood and of earth; and some to honour, and some to dishonour.

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2:20 Without taking the analogy too far, it is important to recognize that though some of the materials used to make particular tools or household goods have more “value” than others, each of the instruments is made with the material that allows it to be most beneficial. However, Paul seems to be emphasizing not so much the materials the household goods are made out of, but their intended use. Perhaps this is a reference to Jesus’ parable of the talents (cf. Matt 25:14–30).

21 If a man therefore purge himself from these, he shall be a vessel unto honour, sanctified, and meet for the master’s use, and prepared unto every good work

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2:21 Paul cares less about the materials such instruments are made of than their purposes. He warns people to avoid being used for common, everyday purposes (this is what is meant by ignoble or profane purposes, and not the idea of profanity as we often understand it). The person of God should focus on being used for good and not worry so much about the things of everyday life
Virtues and Vices in Ministry (2:22–26)
Paul teaches on what church leaders should avoid and what they should give their attention to.

22 Flee also youthful lusts: but follow righteousness, faith, charity, peace, with them that call on the Lord out of a pure heart.

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2:22 Paul challenges Timothy to not be enticed by things that tempt people in their youth, despite his young age. Instead, Paul encourages him to pursue those things that lead to godliness along with others who are also pursuing those similar qualities.

23 But foolish and unlearned questions avoid, knowing that they do gender strifes

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2:23 Once again Paul warns Timothy to avoid meaningless discussions that cause division and strife among believers.

24 And the servant of the Lord must not strive; but be gentle unto all men, apt to teach, lpatient,

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2:24 Paul lists characteristics similar to those for elders and deacons mentioned in 1 Tim 3:1–13. The assumption is that Paul sees Timothy as a leader of the church and is reminding him how a servant leader should behave.

25 In meekness instructing those that oppose themselves; if God peradventure will give them repentance to the acknowledging of the truth;

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2:25 While Paul has taken a variety of approaches toward those who have opposed his ministry , he posits the overall approach should be through gentle correction with the specific goal of bringing about the repentance of those who are wrong. But Paul is clear it is God who grants this repentance.

26 And that they may recover themselves out of the snare of the devil, who are taken captive by him at his will.

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2:26 The result for those who repent is that they come to the truth of God and avoid the snares of the devil.
Tough Times and Terrible Men (3:1–9)
This passage consists of two paragraphs: a vice list in 3:1–5 and a discussion of the behavior of the false teachers in 3:6–9. The two paragraphs work together to illustrate the lack of godliness of the opponents. Paul warns Timothy that he will have to address people who claim godliness but act in ways contrary to their attestations. Paul challenges Timothy to stand firm against such practices and teach others to do the same.
Godlessness in the Last Days (3:1–5)
Paul provides a brief summary of what godlessness will look like. The paragraph is uses a common genre known as a vice list. Lists of virtues and vices appear in the works of many ancient Greco-Roman authors. Vice lists are used frequently in the NT, especially in Paul’s letters (e.g., 1 Cor 6:9–10; Gal 5:19–21).

3:1 This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come.

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3:1 The “last days” is clearly a reference to the time before Jesus Christ’s return; however, Paul and Timothy believe Christ’s return is imminent, within their own lifetimes. Therefore, Paul believes he is living in the last days just as Christians today are living in the last days. This should not be understood as some far-off, distant future, but the situation Christians have lived in and will continue to live in until Christ’s return.

2 For men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, eproud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy,

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3:2 Paul offers a list of qualities that he observes and teaches against in the first century. These are qualities the church still observes and teaches against today.

3 Without natural affection, trucebreakers, false accusers, incontinent, fierce, despisers of those that are good,

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3:3 Paul continues the list of offenses people will commit.

4 Traitors, heady, highminded, lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God;

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3:4 These qualities are self-explanatory.

5 Having a form of godliness, but denying the power thereof: from such turn away.

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3:5 After concluding his list of behaviors and sins people will commit, he again warns Timothy to avoid all these types of people. It should be noted that Paul is not meaning those people in the world (cf. 1 Cor 5:9–11) but those who are part of the church.
Deceitful People Will Be Revealed (3:6–9)
Paul encourages Timothy that despite the kinds of people who will slip into the church trying to use it for personal gain, even as leaders, they will be exposed in the end. The behavior described in this paragraph offers clues as to what the opponents were doing to cause problems in the Ephesian church.

6 For of this sort are they which creep into houses, and lead captive silly women laden with sins, led away with divers lusts,

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3:6 Paul offers some explicit descriptions of the condition these people who are part of the fellowship will be like. They will be conniving and full of corruption.

7 Ever learning, and never able to come to the knowledge of the truth.

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3:7 Paul continues describing the condition of people who claim to be part of the body of Christ but whose lives do not reflect it. It is important to note that Paul is critiquing those who continually hear the truth but are never transformed by it. Again, he is not speaking about those outside the church but those inside it.

8 Now as Jannes and Jambres withstood Moses, so do these also resist the truth: men of corrupt minds, reprobate concerning the faith.

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3:8 Although there is no mention of these two names specifically in the Hebrew Scriptures, Jewish tradition and legend hold that these are the names of two magicians whom Moses encountered before Pharaoh while demanding the release of the Israelites in Egypt (cf. Exod 7:11; 8:7).

9 But they shall proceed no further: for their folly shall be manifest unto all men, as theirs also was.

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3:9 Paul equates the results of these types of people (likely teachers, based on how he explains their actions) with the results of the Egyptian magicians who opposed Moses—ultimately failing. Just as the Egyptian magicians were not able to reproduce the work/plagues Moses produced and were shown to be frauds, so will be the situation for these people who oppose true godliness.
The Man of God and the Word of God (3:10–17)
Paul encourages Timothy to continue in in his faith despite persecution because the training he has received and the Scriptures he had been taught from childhood all point to Paul’s gospel message. Paul uses this passage as a counterweight to the description of the ways of the opponents in 3:1–9, contrasting the ways of a godly servant of God with the ways of those opposed to the true faith.
The Inevitability of Persecution (3:10–13)
Paul reminds Timothy that living a godly life does not mean a life of ease and comfort. On the contrary, he offers his own life as an example of the difficulties that can come.

10 But dthou hast fully known my doctrine, manner of life, purpose, faith, longsuffering, charity, patience,

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3:10 Paul offers himself to Timothy as a counterexample to those whom he has just described. This list illustrates the opposite characteristics of such self-serving individuals.

11 Persecutions, afflictions, which came unto me at Antioch, at Iconium, at Lystra; what persecutions I endured: but out of them all the Lord delivered me.

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3:11 According to the records in Acts, Paul faced persecution of various sorts and attempted stoning, and was actually stoned to the point of death in Lystra (Acts 13:50–14:20). Paul is quick to acknowledge it was the Lord who saved him from these events.

12 Yea, and all that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution.

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3:12 This verse is a truism more than a statement of fact. Paul is speaking very specifically of persecution in the form of life-threatening mistreatment for the sake of the gospel. Paul is trying to comfort Timothy by stating that persecution does not mean one is in the wrong, which is often a human way of interpreting events.

13 But evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse, deceiving, and being deceived.

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3:13 Paul is clearly in dismay at this point in his life; he is in prison, seeing that he is unlikely to avoid death this time. Whether intentional or otherwise, he is offering up the same lament that Job does (Job 21:7–34); however, Paul’s belief in resurrection allows him to say that while deceivers continue on, they are themselves deceived to think judgemnt will not come on them. This brings him to a different place from Job’s lament.
Continue Relying on Scripture (3:14–17)
Timothy is encouraged to continue on in what he has been taught and learned from others.

14 But continue thou in the things which thou hast learned and hast been assured of, knowing of whom thou hast learned them;

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3:14 Paul charges Timothy to continue on in his faith. He acknowledges that it is important that Timothy has been taught well because this will help him remain in his beliefs. But Paul also reminds him to consider the source of that teaching as a secondary means of staying firm in his faith. These examples serve as important sculptors, like the teaching itself.

15 And that from a child thou hast known the holy scriptures, which are able to make thee wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus.

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3:15 Timothy’s mother and grandmother trained him in the Hebrew Scriptures/OT at a very young age. For Paul (and all of the NT writers), the word “Scripture” always means the Hebrew Scriptures. Paul’s point is that a thorough knowledge of the Hebrew Scriptures is enough to illuminate one to the salvation found in Jesus Christ (cf. the story of Philip and the Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8:26–38).

16 All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness:

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3:16 While Paul is speaking of the Hebrew Scriptures/OT in this verse, Christians accept the NT as part of God-inspired Scripture now.

17 That the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto all good works.

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3:17 Scripture provides humanity with examples and directives on how a believer ought to live life. The greatest commandments are to love God and love neighbor (cf. Mark 12:28–33); these are the good works that all Scripture equips people to do.
Charge to Ministry (4:1–8)
Paul charges Timothy to preach the word of God as Paul has done so that he will also receive the reward Paul will receive. Here Paul reiterates for Timothy what his essential ministry duties are and that the ministry will be challenging but rewarding.
Preach the Word (4:1–5)
Paul offers Timothy one last challenge to preach the word of God before he closes his letter. Paul knows it will be difficult for him, but this is the fulfillment of Timothy’s calling.

4:1 I charge thee therefore before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead at his appearing and his kingdom;

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4:1 it is to implore Timothy with all sincerity and earnestness to heed the importance of what he is about to write.

2 Preach the word; be instant in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort with all longsuffering and doctrine.

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4:2 This is Paul’s final and most important charge to Timothy. He is to teach others the proper understandings and interpretations of the Scriptures. Paul admits this will be difficult but tells Timothy to do it regardless of the obstacles.

3 For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine; but after their own lusts shall they heap to themselves teachers, having itching ears;

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4:3 This is an expansion of what Paul had already written regarding false teachers. Now he states that the people themselves will be willingly deceived by doctrine that is not true to the gospel message. The problem is this will not be one or two rogue teachers, but people will be able to find many who preach a message that is comforting to its hearers. This is why Timothy must have great patience as he corrects, rebukes, and encourages those he is instructing; it will not necessarily be the message they want to hear, but it will be the correct gospel.

4 And they shall turn away their ears from the truth, and shall be turned unto fables.

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4:4 In the Greek the word “myth” means traditional stories that explain natural or social phenomena; “myth” does not mean a completely fictitious story with no bearing in reality. That is, the accounts to which people are turning make sense to those hearing them.
King James Version (Chapter 4)
5 But watch thou in all things, endure afflictions, do the work of an evangelist, make full proof of thy ministry.
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4:5 Paul says despite all of these hardships, Timothy is to press on preaching the message he has received and is responsible for appointing leaders among those who believe.
(4:6–8)
Paul openly admits his realization that he is likely at the end of his life. He takes comfort that he has lived a godly life and will receive his reward for his hope and trust in the Lord.

6 For I am now ready to be offered, and the time of my departure is at hand.

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4:6 This is how Paul is describing the end of his own life. There is nothing more to give; it has been fully offered to God, and it is a sacrifice to celebrate.

7 I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith:

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4:7 Paul refers back to his earlier analogies of soldiers, athletes, and farmers.

8 Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his appearing.

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4:8 Paul is utterly confident in his faith, the work he has done, and the promise of resurrection to come. Paul states this is the reward for those who have longed for Christ’s return.
CLOSING INSTRUCTIONS AND GREETINGS (4:9–22)
Paul offers his final greetings to Timothy as he closes out this letter. This is a common practice of first-century letter writing and is found in many of Paul’s letters. This concluding section of the letter contains an update on news related to Paul and his associates. Paul speaks directly to Timothy about his dealings with various people and makes plans for the immediate future, especially emphasizing his wish for Timothy to visit him. The letter ends with typical words of greeting.
Final Instructions (4:9–18)
Paul addresses what it has been like for him in Rome. He desires Timothy to visit soon (4:9), notes that most of his other companions have left (4:10–12), and asks Timothy to bring him a cloak he had left behind and some scrolls (4:13). Paul adds a warning to beware of Alexander, an enemy of their ministry (4:14–15) and closes the passage with some reflections on his own experience (4:16–18).
The Abandoned Apostle (4:9–16)
Paul shares how he has been largely separated from friends throughout his time in Rome.

9 Do thy diligence to come shortly unto me:

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4:9 Paul is alone in Rome being held as a bound prisoner expecting to die. He does not have much company and misses his dear “son in the faith” Timothy. He urges Timothy to come quickly because he does not know how long he has before his next trial.

10 For Demas hath forsaken me, having loved this present world, and is departed unto Thessalonica; Crescens to Galatia, Titus unto Dalmatia.

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4:10 Demas was a coworker of Paul’s who was with him when he wrote Colossians (4:14) and Philemon (1:24). We are not sure what happened that made Demas leave Paul at this time, but perhaps the pressure of persecution had something to do with his leaving. While we do not know why Demas left, he is not the first companion to leave Paul (cf. John Mark in Acts 13:13), and this is very similar verbiage to what Paul used when it happened before (cf. Acts 15:38). Crescens and Titus were apparently sent or encouraged to go. Dalmatia consists of portions of present-day Albania and Serbia.

11 Only Luke is with me. Take Mark, and bring him with thee: for he is profitable to me for the ministry.

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4:11 The writer of Acts is currently with Paul. Paul asks Timothy to bring John Mark, whom Paul made up with some time after he left Paul and Barnabas (cf. Acts 13:13). Despite that falling out, Paul and John Mark worked together during Paul’s first imprisonment (cf. Col 4:10; Philem 1:24).

12 And Tychicus have I sent to Ephesus.

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4:12 Another coworker was sent to Ephesus to at least deliver a letter to Titus and relieve him in that ministry for a time (cf. Titus 3:12). Paul is changing up his coworkers to give them a reprieve and to visit with those who have been away from him for a while.

13 The cloke that I left at Troas with Carpus, when thou comest, bring with thee, and the books, but especially the parchments.

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4:13 Paul presents his requests. The cloak will be useful for keeping him warm in the cold and damp prisons, while the scrolls and parchments will likely be reading material (likely portions of the OT) or material to write on.

14 Alexander the coppersmith did me much evil: the Lord reward him according to his works:

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4:14 This could be the same Alexander who abandoned his faith, mentioned in 1 Tim 1:20, but we cannot be sure. That he is referred to by his occupation is not unusual. Many people are referred to in the NT by their name and some distinguishing feature or characteristic (i.e., Simon the sorcerer, Simon of Cyrene, Simon the leper, Simon called Peter, Simon the Zealot, etc.).

15 Of whom be thou ware also; for he hath greatly withstood our words.

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4:15 Whoever this Alexander is, Timothy knows him. He is precisely the type of character Paul has warned against throughout this letter.

16 At my first answer no man stood with me, but all men forsook me: I pray God that it may not be laid to their charge.

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4:16 Paul has already been put on trial one time during this imprisonment. No one was there to defend him or advocate for him. Paul is graciously interceding on their behalf as well as showing a spirit of forgiveness.
The Lord Is Faithful (4:17–18)
Paul explains to Timothy what happened at his first trial of this imprisonment (not to be confused with his first imprisonment mentioned in Acts 28).

17 Notwithstanding the Lord stood with me, and strengthened me; that by me the preaching might be fully known, and that all the Gentiles might hear: and I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion.

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4:17 Although no one was with Paul during his first trial of this imprisonment (not to be confused with his first imprisonment), he received strength and encouragement from the Lord. He was therefore able to proclaim his gospel message to those who were there at his trial. His rescue is a figurative one, meaning he was not given a guilty verdict during this trial. Many historians agree that at the time of Paul, Roman citizens were beheaded as a quick and merciful way of punishment rather than the more violent death by beasts; therefore, Paul would not have really been fearful of execution by lions.

18 And the Lord shall deliver me from every evil work, and will preserve me unto his heavenly kingdom: to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen.

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4:18 Paul presents his confidence that he will receive his reward for being a faithful servant. He ends the story of his first trial by offering praise to God.
Final Greetings and Closing (4:19–22)
Typical of Paul’s letters, he closes with a list of people who are sending their greetings. These are men and women Timothy will know who are in Rome at the time of Paul’s imprisonment.
Come Before Winter (4:19–21)
Paul is urging Timothy to make travel arrangements soon to see Paul. The easiest way for Timothy to get to Rome from Ephesus will be by boat. As winter comes, travel will be more and more infrequent due to weather conditions on the water (cf. Acts 27:9–15). Paul does not want Timothy to miss the opportunity to come see him.

19 Salute Prisca and Aquila, and the household of Onesiphorus.

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4:19 Paul offers up his final greetings. This wife-and-husband team worked with Paul previously in Corinth (cf. Acts 18:1–3). This is likely the same Onesiphorus mentioned in 1:16, who had sought Paul out while in Rome.

20 Erastus abode at Corinth: but Trophimus have I left at Miletum sick.

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4:20 Paul is telling Timothy where his coworkers are.

21 Do thy diligence to come before winter. Eubulus greeteth thee, and Pudens, and Linus, and Claudia, and all the brethren.

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4:21 Paul is encouraging Timothy to come quickly. These are likely believers in Rome whom both Paul and Timothy know.
Farewell (4:22)

22 The Lord Jesus Christ be with thy spirit. Grace be with you. Amen.

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The letter ends with Paul’s benediction. The word “your” is singular in the Greek, clearly blessing Timothy with a spirit of encouragement. However, the “you” in the last sentence is plural, indicating that Paul expects this letter to be read to others.
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