The Work of the Holy Spirit
16:8–11. As was common in ancient arrangement of material, 16:8 introduces three points then developed in 16:9–11. Here the believers’ Advocate may become a “prosecutor” of the world, as sometimes in the Old Testament (Jer 50:34; 51:36; Lam 3:58–66; cf. Ps 43:1; 50:8). Many Jewish people believed that God would make Israel prevail over the nations before his tribunal in the day of judgment; for John, the judgment has already begun (3:18–19). Roman courts had no public prosecutors and depended on an interested party to bring charges, although trained *rhetoricians then debated on behalf of those who could afford them. The Spirit here brings charges against the world before God’s heavenly court (see Mt 5:22), as a witness against them (see Jn 15:26).
Verses 9–11 probably mean that the world’s unbelief constituted their sin; *Christ being the heavenly Advocate (1 Jn 2:1) constituted the believers’ righteousness; and the judging of the world’s ruler (see comment on 12:31) spelled the judgment of the world. Thus for John it is not Jesus and his people (chaps. 18–19) but the world that is now on trial. One may also compare a common motif in the Old Testament prophets: the covenant lawsuit where God summons his people to account for breach of the covenant.