Exam 2-OT2

Joshua Outlines

Simple Outline

Most simple outline:

Entering and Possessing the Land 1-12

Distributing the Land 13-24

-U R40 XXXXXXXX Lot 155 1874/887

We want to over pass the second part of outline, but it meant something to Israel. Example is above number. This is the geographical location of his first house. It brings back a lot of memories for professor because of what the house represents.

It means everything to him. Same with the book of Joshua. Historically this was the fulfilling of the covenant from Abraham. Its a major deal in the context of the OT. We see this because there are so many chapters dedicated to it.

Geographic/Tribe Oriented

Another outline

This outline is not historically accurate but is what some scholars believe.

The stories were collected by the various tribes according to where they occurred.

Stories collected and written into book about leader Joshua.

1-9 Benjamin

10 Ephraim

11 Galilee (tribe?)

12 ????

13-19 Judges, then King Josiah (700sbc)

Others are Shiloh, Shechem, etc.. - sources, but not structure.

If you believe the way the book is put together, then this will be the way you organize the book. The presup is that its not written by one author, but many sources (same thing as JEDP)

Just need to be aware of this one, even if Professor doesnt believe it is right.

Three Part Content

Conquest of the Land 1-12

Enjoying the Land 13-22

Renewing the Covenant 23-24

Warfare in the Land

The war going on in Joshua really fits with what is going on in Dt. 20.

v1-4 - is the Greatness of God not Israel’s gain

v5-7 - God reduced the size of the army so they would be outnumbered and outgunned

We see God give men permission to stay home if they are trying to establish themselves. This doesnt make sense in the history of war, but remember this is about The greatness of God, not Israels gain or fighting prowess.

v10-18 - How to conduct war

Israel is not good at this and it shows up in Judges.

v19-20 - Save the fruit trees

Cant cut down the fruit trees to make weapons. God says use ecological restraint. The fruit is for provision. You are not allowed to wipe out the things in the land that are meant to be there to provide for the people. Do not make the land inhospitiable because it is the gift given by God. Trust him to provide.

Boundaries of Land

In Dt. 34:1-4,

There seem to be some differences between Dt and the other places the land is mentioned in Joshua and Judges.

Professor suggests that when we hear Joshua conquered all the land, we want to think it means all land ever named by the Lord, but do not think quite that way. As large as Israel is, they are not as large as they are going to be. Did they conquer all the land necessary for Israel at that moment? That seems to be the case in the book of Joshua.

Why does the book of Joshua say that the Lord gave them rest then. God is faithful to His covenant promises and God is a long suffering God in that for Isreal, there is a lot that God puts up even though there is half obedience.

God lets it go on for while before he addresses it.

Same thing for us in the NT.

(also Gen 15:18, Numbers 34:1-15, Dt 1:7, 11:24, Joshuah 1-4)

Joshuah 11:23, 21:43-45

Judges 1:27-35

Exodus 23:27-30

Dividing the Land

Caleb and Judah are given prominence

Tabernacle is at Ephraim

Joshua says God gave them rest (21:44, 22:4, 23:1)

Still work to be done, but the lord did fulfill his promise that the land would be rest.

Story in Joshua

ch2-6 - Jericho, new Exodus

Rahab actually uses the covenant name of God, had heard it somewhere. When they go in, the Jordan dries up. Is this a new exodus? out of the world, into the promise land.

ch 7-8 - Defeat at Ai, renewing the covenant. Akons family suffers because of him.

ch 9 - treaty with Gibeonites

The Gibeonites get an idea to get old broken down stuff and go out to meet israel. They say see we have come a long way away. that makes them a far city instead of near city. That makes them a far city instead of a near city. That makes Israel can make a treaty with them. They are using the knowledge of Isreal against them. Isreal concent to do it. But they do not consult the lord. They discover it was a lie. Do they drive them out? or hold to the covenant? They decide to keep the covenant. We see law and grace play out in Israel. Can they function for the land like God and show his name dwell there?

ch 10 - supernatural provision

God stops the sun. Daylight did not take place until WWI time period, so cant be that. This was not by the laws of nature.

Joshua Like Moses

Interesting one.

Deuteronomy promises to raise up a prophet like Moses.

At end, Joshua is introduced, but

The bible is very specific that although they had leaders, no one was like Moses.

Professor and

Roth Rentorth (German) suggests that in the book of Joshua that Joshua is very intentionally presented like Moses. Those things that Joshua did in his life that are very similar to Moses, the book of Joshua is intentional to write those things down about the man, Joshua.

First, the way the book ends and begins.

Deuteronomy ends by saying about Moses, his age and he is buried and that he was a servant of YHWH. Joshua ends by saying his age, he died, and Joshua is taking over.

When Joshua ends, it ends by saying heres the man, his age, and he died. Also says he is a servant of YHWH. First people we see described as this.

Shows these two books are stitched together and these men are alike.

Also see things like:

-Moses led Israel through the red sea on dry land; Joshua led Israel through the river Jordan on dry land

-Moses sent spies into the land; Joshua sent spies into Jericho.

-Moses sons circumcised to participate in the sign of the covenant; Joshua has all of Israel cirumcised to participate in the sign of the covenant.

-Moses/Israel celebrate the Passover Ex2 and Joshua/Israel celebrate the passover Josh 5

-Moses raises his staff so that the Amalekites are defeated in Ex 17; Joshua raises his staff so that Ai is defeated.

-Moses intercedes for Israel lest the people in the land would hear that he wiped Israel out Numbers 14; Joshua intercedes before Ai lest the Canaanites would hear of it Joshua 7 - So the world wouldnt think that God had just abandoned his people.

-God hardened Pharaoh’s heart Exodus; God hardened the heart of the Canaanite kings Joshua 11

-In Deuteronomy 28-34, Moses recalls the past, encourages Israel, warns of disobedience; Joshua 22-24, recalls the past, encourages Israel, warns of disobedience

-Moses death, burial, age, servant of YHWH; Joshua death, burial, age, servant of YHWH

Professor suggests that we we read to the end of Joshua, we start thinking, “huh, a prophet like Moses did arise. His name is Joshua.”

But isnt Jesus the real prophet to come.

So Joshua is the lower case f to fulfill from Moses, but Jesus is the final one to come-the capital F fullfilment.

Prof suggests in Judges, this is an actual office in Israel and Christ is the Judge in Revelation.

Jesus will be the final Prophet, Priest, King, and Judge.

Joshua History

If we want to date Joshua, we need to date Exodus

Exodus 1450s BC

If we take this view, it will line up with 1 Kings 6:1 as 480 years. This would line up with Judges 11, 300 years until Jepthah. Also lines upwith Amarna Tablets that mention “Hiparu/Habiru”

Dream Stela of Thutmose IV says he was not the legal heir because the original heir died in the death of the first borns while in Egypt.

Exodus 1250s BC

If we take a later date of Exodus, then 480 and 300 are more figural numbers of years that represent a long period of time.

Would be going into the land around 1200bc.

The Merneptha Stela names “Isreal” by name in the 1200s.

the name “Habiru” can be found as early as 1800s. This would be back to time of Abram. So that means this name may not be a weird name for Hebrews, but a name for loosely bound groups of people in that time period.

Large groups in the land in 1300s. This is from archeology evidence.

Also see the same with Jericho, Ai, Hazor destruction around this time.

The evidence though, shows fire damage, but we see the walls toppled, not fire burning in the accounts. Would this mean that they were destroyed more in the time of the Judges? possibly.

JEDP / Documentary Hypothesis

1800s scholars said J,E,D, and P can be found in Joshua.

-Instead of Pentateuch, it would be “Hexateuch” because they find these sources in Joshua. so it would be Genesis - Joshua

-In this theory, “P” dates to 400s bc; therefore, Joshua must be written in 400s bc.

Deuteronomistic History

-According to this theory, Joshua - II Kings is a “unified” work completed by Josiah. During his reform, he is trying to answer the question of how did we get from going into the land to where i am the king and i want us to rightly worship YHWH. So its about Josiahs Reforms.

Also in this history, different scholars put the date at different times of writing, including when it actually happened.

They are not trying to answer when the events happened. Only when the book was written.

The strength is that it unifies the books together.

-Approximately 700s bc

-Joshua 16:10 Canaanites in Gezer

but in:

-1 Kings 9:16 says Egypt killed all the Canaanites in Gezer

So by the time we get to Solomon, 970 bc, we cant talk about canaanites in Gezer because not there.

so points to the fact that Josiah is not going to come for 200 more years.

For us,

-Makes us think the writing was Must be pre-Solomon, 970s bc.

This says we do not follow the JEPD Because: JEPD doesnt work and that there is nothing to the Hexateuch because we know Judges, Samuels, and Kings continue the story so Joshua needs to be split off from that.

Deuteronomic history says: its a unified book, we say yes, in fact its part two of Deuteronmy story.

So is it written by Josiah? no because the text doesnt line up with that time period, but an older period.

Professor says 1400s bc in Exodus.

Tribal Confederacy

Says a group of tribes get together out of the desert. Its not a nation. Do not even factor in Joseph because they are not related to him. They form a confederacy to go in to get a better land. Do it by winning small regional victories.

Joshua is not the consorted effort of a nation, but a ban with loose agreement of tribes, and then carve out who gets what spaces. Its gradual and piece mil. It is etiological. Meant to explain.

This view will say that these stories were real but meant to explain why everything was the way it was. Not the story of God’s nation.

Is antyhing good about this view?

Yes

they do see small victories

It is gradual

It is eventually enough to call it a victory over the land.

They did not conquer the whole land at first, but enough that Israel could live in it and fit in it.

Would professor call it a tribal confederacy?

If means that all the tribes are teamed up, sure. But dont have to call it a confederacy, can call it a nation.

But if saying its a mixed group of people groups that will evenutally become a nation, then no. Relying too much on current archeology evidence of people groups of the Levant.

Pros and Cons

-Accounts in Joshua and Judges are very similar. the fact that those things are similar seems to show us that these do come from successive time periods.

-Does “etiological” mean it is not history? No. if meant to explain why something is, that proves it is real history.

-Does “etiological” explain a story, or the book? cannot explain the entirety of the book because it is not unified.

-what Jericho, Ai, Hazor destruction evidence leans to later not earlier? - Deuteronomy told to go in and drive them out and live in their spaces. It doesnt seem like the plan is wide spread destruction, just to drive the people out. So wouldnt matter if its later when these people are destroyed.

-Egypt is in upheaval during this time period, and going through their own challenges and changes. Could be why you do not hear about them for a couple books, but then see them again in Samuel and Kings. There is a power struggle vacuum going on outside the land. Leaves time for the people to establish themselves in the land.

Joshua Theology

Land/Rest

-Central theme of Joshua (largest and most all incomposing theme)

-Fulfillment of the Abrahamic covenant

-geopolitical land in the ANE-this was a physical land in the ancient world and was a political land where Israel could establish themselves a real nation with real leaders. Could be real in ancient world. Famous triangle in ANE world, have to have God, Land, and a place to worship to be legitimate nation.

Worst possible punishment would be to loose the land. people will struggle with this in Ezekiel because it was worst possible punishment to loose the land.

Land and rest will carry into the NT. Hebrews 3, the israelites in wilderness didnt enter to God’s rest. So land is indictive of rest in OT. Hebrews 4 will build on it and answer who can enter God’s rest. David says it after they enter the land to show that there is still a way for anyone to enter God’s rest without going to the promise land. This is real spiritual rest.

Holy War

Deut 7, 20, 21, and 25 all give rules for war

These are on display in Joshua

Does holy war really mean kill all of them or something else?

Read the book of Amos, where God is not happy because Gilead has been threshed with iron, (tools to crush wheat),

1 Kings 20:31 “heard the kings of the house of Israel are merciful, let us go out”

It is clear in Deut that Israel cannot act in war like everyone else can and be very terrible.

It seems to be that we cannot answer does it mean drive them out or wipe them out, but we can answer that Israel has to play by God’s rules not everyone elses rules of war.

Community/Corporate

-camp - back in the law. Certain things put you outside the camp because of cannot put unholy or common into the camp.

-this buts up against western individualism which says I am all i need.

-seen in Joshua 7 where the sin of one man effects the whole community - Joshua 7

-they had to have Unity of nation, unity in religion. they had to obey.

Paul says if the hand suffers, doesnt the whole body suffers. It is still this way, we just dont always see it or can ignore the consequences of not being one body.

Extent of Conquest/Disobedience

-Manasseh has not driven out Canannites in 17:13

-Ephraim has not in 16:10

-in 18:3, 7 tribes have not

-Incomplete in Joshua, God still gives them rest and holds up his end of bargain.

-Problems though when it is still incomplete in Judges.

How long will God be longsuffering when the people continue to be partly obedience, which is disobedience.

Judges Outline

Major Judges

most common outline

1:1-3:6 - introduction

3:7-17 Othniel, Ehud, Deborah, Gideon, Jephthah, Samson

17-21 - conclusion

Glodo calls 17-21 as Israels canaanization. Where they become more like the people of Canaan.

Saying do you realize how much they are acting pagaan.

Sets us up for a need for good judges and kings later to come.

Another outline

Envelope Outline

-Othniel

-Ehud

-Deborah, Barak, Jael

-Gideo

-Abimelech

-Jephthah

-Samson

Relationship between good at top and bad at bottom

Is Gideon the center of the outline? Things go bad around the time of him.

Gideon begins by destroying Idols and ends by making them

-”Lord is with” not heard again after ch 6

“Land had rest” not mentioned again after ch 8

-Covenant with Baal

Something going on with Gideon too, because Abimelech is Gideons son. Gideon refuses to be named king, yet he named his son Abimelech which means my father is king.

The Cycle

-Israel does evil in the sight of the Lord

-Foreign nation opresses Israel

-Israel cries out to God

-The Lord hears and raises a deliverer

-Submission of enemy and “rest”

about the Judges

Othneil - the gold standard

Barak - present, but not exemplary

-Deborah steps up to exemplary

-Gideon refuses kingship, but names son Abimelech “my father is king”

He is the turning point from good to bad

-Jephthah - possible human sacrifice, and this is from Canannites.

-if it was human sacrifice, it does fit with the theme of bad to worse.

-if it was dedicated to never marry, v38 virginity, and v39 never knew a man.

either way, his legacy ends with her.

In blackwell bible commentaries, tells how people have thought about a passage through history. not a technical one.

Samson

end of book, israel is doing poorly. Is samson a type of Christ? he is not a good judge, so sounds poor theology. Someone might mention this because he stretches his arms out and dies. But this is bad theology. if he is a type, then he is an anti-type.

-Married Philistine, Delilah against his parents wishes, which was against the law

-Touched dead animal, even though law says no and he is nazarite

-Arrogant with Delilah, and doesnt count cost to let her hurt him

-Death accomplishes punishment, but no redemption in it. Christs death is not to bring punishment to people, but redemption to people.

samson ends the stories of the bad judges.

Judges History

Exodus

again really?

1400s or 1200s time of Exodus effects time of Judges.

Judges 11:26 says 300 years in the land by time of Jephthah, this fits with 1400s date.

If you add up the cycles of judges, thats 410 years, this fits the verse in 1 Kings that says they live in the land for 480 years so they are pretty close to one another.

“new” feature - not one author

The book takes place over 400 years so may not be one author. Either this is a collection of stories in Israel. It is job of priests and scribes to preserve history and keep at the temple.

Or could be a single author that edits it all together, then does that mean it could be in the time of Kings. It could be 1000 bc (david, saul, solomon), it could be because we have the repeated verse taht there was no king in israel.

Background

-probably taking place in Late Bronze Age

-early Exodus, 1 Samuel 13:20 - Isrealites cannot sharpen their own tools so going to Philistines sharpen

-This would mean that it would be more into the iron age because there is a sliding of bronze into age. The iron empliments they have, but cannot sharpen them.

-during this time, Egypt, Hittite, Assyrian power vacuum because they are fighting for power. This means a vacuum of power in the promise land that Israel does not have to fight for. They are being left alone.

-Sea people-Philistine, Mycean, Greek

-they are mentioned in places like Mernephta, Rameses III, Amarna letters, Ugaritic

not sure who they are, but suggested they come from the sea. see similar pottery around the mediterranean sea. They are pushing into the Levant into israel.

-other than this, Israel largely left alone to carve out their spot in the land.

Judges Theology and Theme

Grace / Law

Judges reveals a relationship with God built on grace, not one fixed set of rules. God is not wishywashy in Judges, its just in context of a covenant relationship.

This is the context of covenant.

Similar to the grace in Joshua when God is patient even though they do not drive out the nations.

Kingship

Judges sets up kingship

-inevitable next step because they need somone to lead them.

-highlighted by “there was no king in Israel”

Spirit of the Lord

-Lord is ultimately responsible

see this when the spirit of the lord overcomes someone

-nothing special about that individual, but the spirit

-It grants the authority to lead the people

-OT - spirit empowers, and in NT -spirit gifts

Not permanent in OT like in the NT

-maybe just an extension of God’s power, and not necessarily instances of the third person of the Trinity.

We do see the Trinity in the OT.

If we go progresive revelation, as we move through the bible, God progressively reveals the Trinity. Problem is that there was a mystery revealed with Paul and gentiles.

In OT, Gods spirit isnt a person, its extension, until NT when the spirit person is revealed. Not good way to view it.

Its too blurry in OT, and so although this may not be clear view of the person of Spirit in Judges, but they also do not understand that this is a seperate person. So the progressive revelation is not a new person in NT, its to understand that the Holy Spirit has been there the whole time.

Apostacy

How could Israel do this?

Remember that even at Mt Sinai, there was a golden calf.

They are influenced by others.

They do not seem to know the law, and it does not seem to be prevalent.

Priesthood is bad in Judges - ch 17-21

Charismatic Leaders

Judge may or may not be an official office in Israel. Although Deborah was an office, Judge is not always an office in Israel. It is more of a task than an office.

-there task is to deliverer

-sometimes they lead in a wrong way like Gideon.

-Be careful of placing them on a pedestal.

Ruth

Date

Ruth 1:1 it says in the days of the judges. so situated someone in that 400 years of Israels history

Ruth 4:17 - says Ruth gave birth to Obed, father of Jesse, father of David. So clearly someone has added this note so we would know Ruth is in line of David. So was the original author inspired or the edit? Both.

Book is not included in the Deuteromistic history-its major goal from Joshua to 2 Kings to show that Deuteronomy comes true. God is going to kick Israel out of the land.

Ruth doesn't do anything to advance that story or the judges story or the invasion and conquest of the land story.

Historically it is put at the end with writings, after Proverbs, the Proverbs 31 woman (possibly she is an illustration of the Proverbs 31 woman.

Ruth’s tone is not negative at all like the D.H. books.

- what is ruth?

“Idyll” - modern day literary genre, so its not what Ruth is, but it is something to compare Ruth to.

Wendall Berry-writings are about common everyday rural life. Ruth is similar to this.

How do we understand ruth? It is narrative, just like Genesis.

Genre of Ruth is Narrative.

pay attention to things like Who are the characters, sequence of events, changes of location, situated in real history, not just a fabel.

Time of Ruth:

There are Judges problems with Moab (ch 3). If there is that much tension with Moab, there is probably not anyone sneaking into Moab from Isreal to live. That would be a life or death thing. It is a pretty good bet that Ruth is not taking place at the same time as ch 3. Would have to look for times in Judges when things are cooler with Moab. We also know Ruth is about 4 generations from David (around 1000 to 1070bc,) so probably taking place around 1280s to 1300s bc.

Outline

Each chapter is self contained part of story, so chapters are the outline.

Naomi and Ruth return to Israel (1)

chapter sets up - Naomi and her husband go to Moab because of a famine in the land. Similar to language in Genesis of patriarchs. Two sons intermarry. Then Husband and both boys die. Problem because Naomi now risks losing any land back home.

She compells daughter in laws to go home to families because in ANE custom, the oldest heir had responsibility to take care of everyone. Naomi doesnt have this now, so best thing is to go home as widows.

VERY IMPORTANT - Your people will be my people, Your God will be my God, May the LORD deal with me if i leave you (covenant name of God YHWH.)

At end of Deuteronomy, the writer says God says that not my people will be my people.

WORD RETURN BECOMES VERY IMPORTANT. It highlights this tension the Ruth is a Moabite, but she has proclaimed that the Lord is her lord.

Ruth gleans for Naomi and meets Boaz (2)

Setting is back home. Naomi acts according to OT Law and glends in the field. Boaz meets her and he is a virtous man (same word about Ruth and Proverbs 31 woman)

Boaz says the Lord is spreading his wing over Ruth. (protecting him)

Boaz sends her home and tells the young men to protect her and provide for her.

Naomi sends Ruth out to the threshing room floor (3)

Naomi sees the bigger picture and shares with audience that. She shares with Ruth what she should go out and do.

When Naomi pulls the covers over her, she tells him to spread his wing over her (marriage proposal) but its also the same language of the Lord doing that over her. Connection is you could be the lords means of being his wing over me.

Boaz knows there is a closer redeemer.

Ruth and Boaz marry, Naomi holds her grandchild (4)

Boaz is crafty and wise with his words when he talks to the redeemer. We do not really know why the man backs out, but there was something in the agreement. With naomi he would get land, but possible that with Ruth, he will have to put more emphasis on redeemer their family with Ruth.

Ruth and Boaz marry. This is the inheriter of everything Alimalech had.

Naomi holds her grandchild

Return

-1:16-17 Ruth abandons her people and culture

-1:22 known as “Ruth the Moabitess”

-Dt 23:3-No Moabitess may enter the camp of the Lord (10th generation is short for never or thousand years)

-Verb “return” used consistently though story-she returns home to her “new people and God”

Ch3-what really happened

-sometimes words have two meanings (Led Zepplin quote)

-Ruth ch2:11-12 - Boaz praises Ruth for what she is doing

The word feet can have two meanings, especially in reference to a male. In ch. 2, when she uncovers Boaz’s feet, some say that was not a marriage proposal, but she exposed him sexually, implying something sexual happened in the field. Now he wants to marry her. Probably has more to do with modern understanding, not the story.

Boaz praises Ruth’s character.

-Ruth 3:11 - he calls her a virtuous woman, so its hard to equate any of this to a sexual interlude. The narrative pushes that she was exposing his leg to make him cold so he would know she was there, and that she was asking that he marry her and redeem her.

To take the other view, you would have to say she threw out the law in order to fulfill the law in this situation.

Ruth 4 - Whats going on?

Themes

Narrative theme of returning to Her New Home and God

Idea of Virtous is another theme. A time in the OT where someone just did what they were supposed to do according to the law and life worked out.

The Moabitess becomes the paradigm for what Israel ought to do.

another theme is Kinsman Redeemer

25:5-6

Foreign for us to think about marrying an inlaw to carry on a name. But the covenant promised them a land and inheritance and rest.

By loosing the males, the covenant benefits are now in jeopardy for Naomi, Ruth and their family.

The redeemer makes sure the ones about to lose the benefits of the covenant will continue to stay within the covenant benefit.

I and II Samuel Outlines

The stories are intended to be one story, but scrolls limited how much could be in one book, so had to seperate.

A king in the land

Date and Text

-1121 to 971 bc - theres lots of records from this time period. Evetything is established enough for recording keeping.

-Have to deal with autograph - who wrote it?

With Ruth, we saw later commentary added. Also saw place in Judges where possible note added later.

See same features in 1 and 2 Samuel.

“Autograph” - a lot of times in NT studies, we want to get back to the original autographs. This is a problem with Samuel because he died. Someone must have finished the book.

1 Samuel 9:9 ESV

9 (Formerly in Israel, when a man went to inquire of God, he said, “Come, let us go to the seer,” for today’s “prophet” was formerly called a seer.)

-in those days or formerly in Israel- this is a note so that we wont read the text wrong. Was added later.

another one

2 Samuel 13:18 ESV

18 Now she was wearing a long robe with sleeves, for thus were the virgin daughters of the king dressed. So his servant put her out and bolted the door after her.

Notes to just interpret the story correctly.

another

1 Samuel 27:6 ESV

6 So that day Achish gave him Ziklag. Therefore Ziklag has belonged to the kings of Judah to this day.

This means this text would have been written before babylon exile but after the kingdom split.

This means the conversation for authors and inspiration is different than New Testament writers.

Least well transmitted.

So what about these edits coming later? Is that ok to do?

Remember Israel is supposed to do this. The priest and scribes are supposed to maintain scripture and the king is supposed to preserve and keep the law.

Were they inspired? Professor says yes. 1 Peter says they were carried along by the Spirit.