Has the Church replaced national Israel

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The hermeneutics of Supersessionsim

The Interpretive priority of the New testament over the Old Testament

The NT is the starting place to understand the OT.
The NT interpretation of the OT text may:
Change - The original meaning
Alter - The original meaning
Reinterpret - The original meaning
Physical promises made to Israel have been spiritually fulfilled in the NT
These are not violations to the original promises - God offers something that transcends the original promises in the OT.

Non-literal fulfillment of OT Prophecies

Acts 2:16–21 “But this is that which was spoken by the prophet Joel; And it shall come to pass in the last days, saith God, I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams: And on my servants and on my handmaidens I will pour out in those days of my Spirit; and they shall prophesy: And I will shew wonders in heaven above, and signs in the earth beneath; blood, and fire, and vapour of smoke: The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before that great and notable day of the Lord come: And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved.”
This comes from Joel 2:28–32 “And it shall come to pass afterward, That I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh; And your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, Your old men shall dream dreams, Your young men shall see visions: And also upon the servants and upon the handmaids In those days will I pour out my spirit. And I will shew wonders in the heavens and in the earth, Blood, and fire, and pillars of smoke. The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, Before the great and the terrible day of the Lord come. And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be delivered: For in mount Zion and in Jerusalem shall be deliverance, As the Lord hath said, And in the remnant whom the Lord shall call.”
Pentecost is a new aspect of Christ’s continuing reign by which the OT prophecy concerning the Messianic Age is fulfilled.
God’s people will take new shape - the Spirit will reconstitute a new Israel.
Acts 15:15–18 “And to this agree the words of the prophets; as it is written, After this I will return, and will build again the tabernacle of David, which is fallen down; and I will build again the ruins thereof, and I will set it up: That the residue of men might seek after the Lord, and all the Gentiles, upon whom my name is called, saith the Lord, who doeth all these things. Known unto God are all his works from the beginning of the world.”
This comes from Amos 9:11–12 “In that day will I raise up the tabernacle of David that is fallen, And close up the breaches thereof; And I will raise up his ruins, And I will build it as in the days of old: That they may possess the remnant of Edom, and of all the heathen, Which are called by my name, Saith the Lord that doeth this.”
Related to God’s work among the Gentiles
Fulfilled right now as Gentiles are being gathered together into God’s community
Romans 9:24–26 “Even us, whom he hath called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles? As he saith also in Osee, I will call them my people, which were not my people; and her beloved, which was not beloved. And it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people; there shall they be called the children of the living God.”
Hosea 2:10 “And now will I discover her lewdness in the sight of her lovers, And none shall deliver her out of mine hand.”
Hosea 1:10 “Yet the number of the children of Israel shall be as the sand of the sea, which cannot be measured nor numbered; and it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people, there it shall be said unto them, Ye are the sons of the living God.”
The Christian Church fulfilled promises made to national Israel.

Typological Interpretation

Typological Interpretation - Attempts to understand the connection between the OT and the NT based on the type-antitype relationship found in the 2 Testaments.
The relationship between the 2 Testaments is typological.
OT Types
NT Antitypes
All points towards and is fulfilled in Christ and the church.
The grammatical-historical-literary device is not sufficient:
Israel is the type
Christ and the church is the antitype.

Evaluating the hermeneutics of SS

NT priority

Two extremes need to be avoided
The NT always deals with the OT in a straightforward, literal way:
Hosea 11:1 “When Israel was a child, then I loved him, And called my son out of Egypt.”
Matthew 2:15 “And was there until the death of Herod: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt have I called my son.”
Since the NT writers sometimes quote or appeal to OT passages in a non-literal way, then we should not expect literal fulfillment of OT texts in NT:
Matthew 3:5–6 “Then went out to him Jerusalem, and all Judaea, and all the region round about Jordan, And were baptized of him in Jordan, confessing their sins.” - Micah 2:4 “In that day shall one take up a parable against you, And lament with a doleful lamentation, And say, We be utterly spoiled: He hath changed the portion of my people: How hath he removed it from me! Turning away he hath divided our fields.”
Matthew 21:4–5 “All this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying, Tell ye the daughter of Sion, Behold, thy King cometh unto thee, meek, and sitting upon an ass, and a colt the foal of an ass.” - Zechariah 9:9 “Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion; Shout, O daughter of Jerusalem: Behold, thy King cometh unto thee: He is just, and having salvation; Lowly, and riding upon an ass, And upon a colt the foal of an ass.”
Clarifications
Their is a type of NT priority over OT but conceptually different than SS:
Progressive revelation - Adds, clarifies or expounds on previous revelation. The NT is a more complete revelation and offers information and insight into OT texts.
The authority of the NT cancels temporary commands and covenants.
The NT adds application or referents to an OT but does not replace original authorial intent.
There are typological connections between the OT and the NT
Problems with NT priority
NT writers never claimed to replace original meaning of OT texts.
NT priority brings into doubt integrity of OT texts - Prophecies and promises were given during particular seasons to an audience that had meaning.
NT priority does not adequately explain perpetuity of Israel - Jeremiah 31:35–37 “Thus saith the Lord, which giveth the sun for a light by day, And the ordinances of the moon and of the stars for a light by night, Which divideth the sea when the waves thereof roar; The Lord of hosts is his name: If those ordinances depart from before me, saith the Lord, Then the seed of Israel also shall cease From being a nation before me for ever. Thus saith the Lord; If heaven above can be measured, And the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel For all that they have done, saith the Lord.”
NT upholds many aspects of explicit promises regarding Israel’s expectations as revealed in the OT
Matthew 19:28 “And Jesus said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.”
Luke 22:30 “That ye may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom, and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel.”
Acts 1:6 “When they therefore were come together, they asked of him, saying, Lord, wilt thou at this time restore again the kingdom to Israel?”

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