Bibliology 9: The Preservation of the Bible
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Many Christians make the statement, "I believe in the divine, verbal, plenary, and inerrant inspiration of the original Scriptures" — a true statement to be sure....
BUT ….we DON'T HAVE the original Scriptures in our possession, and never will!
Many Christians make the statement, "I believe in the divine, verbal, plenary, and inerrant inspiration of the original Scriptures" — a true statement to be sure....
BUT ….we DON'T HAVE the original Scriptures in our possession, and never will!
So, making such a statement without qualification can be rather convenient. Believing in the inspiration of the originals "lets one off the hook" so to speak — giving license to anyone wishing to "correct" the Bible when it suits their purpose.
So, making such a statement without qualification can be rather convenient. Believing in the inspiration of the originals "lets one off the hook" so to speak — giving license to anyone wishing to "correct" the Bible when it suits their purpose.
How often do we hear or read statements like:
How often do we hear or read statements like:
• "That's what the Bible says...BUT... in the original Greek it really means..."
• "That's what the Bible says...BUT... in the original Greek it really means..."
• "A better translation would be..."
• "A better translation would be..."
• "This verse is not found in the most ancient manuscripts..."
• "This verse is not found in the most ancient manuscripts..."
Such pronouncements are not forthcoming only from the modernist and neo-orthodox camps. They are issuing continually from the pulpits and writings of conservative and fundamentalists — including fundamental Baptists! There are some critical questions being raised here. For example:
Such pronouncements are not forthcoming only from the modernist and neo-orthodox camps. They are issuing continually from the pulpits and writings of conservative and fundamentalists — including fundamental Baptists! There are some critical questions being raised here. For example:
1. Is the Bible intended for every man—or just for the scholars? Should we who are not scholars have to rely upon the scholars for a full knowledge and interpretation of God's Word?
1. Is the Bible intended for every man—or just for the scholars? Should we who are not scholars have to rely upon the scholars for a full knowledge and interpretation of God's Word?
2. Do we need to know Hebrew and Greek to fully understand the Bible? No!
If so, why are they difficult languages to master? Why would God reveal Himself to man, then veil Himself in such languages? Is God out to make life (and salvation) difficult?
2. Do we need to know Hebrew and Greek to fully understand the Bible? No!
If so, why are they difficult languages to master? Why would God reveal Himself to man, then veil Himself in such languages? Is God out to make life (and salvation) difficult?
3. If some verses in the Bible are questionable in their translation, can we really be sure of any? Furthermore, if we correct, criticize, or question just ONE verse of the Bible, what are we in effect saying to baby Christians?
3. If some verses in the Bible are questionable in their translation, can we really be sure of any? Furthermore, if we correct, criticize, or question just ONE verse of the Bible, what are we in effect saying to baby Christians?
4. Does the average (four years of Bible College) Baptist preacher have the scholastic ability to "correct" the Bible on the basis of the Hebrew or Greek text?
4. Does the average (four years of Bible College) Baptist preacher have the scholastic ability to "correct" the Bible on the basis of the Hebrew or Greek text?
The doctrine of inspiration is meaningless without the parallel doctrine of the DIVINE PRESERVATION of the Scriptures. Without it, we could never be 100% sure we actually have God's inspired Word
The doctrine of inspiration is meaningless without the parallel doctrine of the DIVINE PRESERVATION of the Scriptures. Without it, we could never be 100% sure we actually have God's inspired Word
I. The Doctrine of Divine Inspiration.
I. The Doctrine of Divine Inspiration.
The preservation of the scriptures is just as much a doctrine as that of divine inspiration. Both are taught in the Bible and are evidenced by internal and external proofs.
The preservation of the scriptures is just as much a doctrine as that of divine inspiration. Both are taught in the Bible and are evidenced by internal and external proofs.
The doctrine of preservation is based upon the following scriptures:
The doctrine of preservation is based upon the following scriptures:
A. Psalm 12:6,7.
A. Psalm 12:6,7.
6 The words of the Lord are pure words: As silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times.
7 Thou shalt keep them, O Lord, Thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever.
These verses teach:
These verses teach:
1. The extent of preservation — "words."
1. The extent of preservation — "words."
2. The Agent of preservation - "Thou" [the Lord].
2. The Agent of preservation - "Thou" [the Lord].
3. The period of preservation — "for ever."
3. The period of preservation — "for ever."
B. Psalm 33:11
B. Psalm 33:11
11 The counsel of the Lord standeth for ever, The thoughts of his heart to all generations.
The "counsel of the Lord" refers to God's words.
The "counsel of the Lord" refers to God's words.
C. Psalm 78:1-7.
C. Psalm 78:1-7.
1 Give ear, O my people, to my law: Incline your ears to the words of my mouth.
2 I will open my mouth in a parable: I will utter dark sayings of old:
3 Which we have heard and known, And our fathers have told us.
4 We will not hide them from their children, Shewing to the generation to come The praises of the Lord, and his strength, And his wonderful works that he hath done.
5 For he established a testimony in Jacob, And appointed a law in Israel, Which he commanded our fathers, That they should make them known to their children:
6 That the generation to come might know them, even the children which should be born; Who should arise and declare them to their children:
7 That they might set their hope in God, And not forget the works of God, But keep his commandments:
This Psalm explains God's purpose in preserving His Word.
This Psalm explains God's purpose in preserving His Word.
D. Psalm 100:5
D. Psalm 100:5
5 For the Lord is good; his mercy is everlasting; And his truth endureth to all generations.
E. Psalm 105:8.
E. Psalm 105:8.
8 He hath remembered his covenant for ever, The word which he commanded to a thousand generations.
"He hath remembered his covenant for ever, the word which he commanded to a If a generation in scripture is 40 years, then 1,000 generations would be 40,000 years!
"He hath remembered his covenant for ever, the word which he commanded to a If a generation in scripture is 40 years, then 1,000 generations would be 40,000 years!
F. Psalm 111:7,8.
F. Psalm 111:7,8.
7 The works of his hands are verity and judgment; All his commandments are sure.
8 They stand fast for ever and ever, And are done in truth and uprightness.
G. Psalm 117:2.
G. Psalm 117:2.
2 For his merciful kindness is great toward us: And the truth of the Lord endureth for ever. Praise ye the Lord.
H. Psalm 119:89,152,160.
H. Psalm 119:89,152,160.
89 LAMED. For ever, O Lord, Thy word is settled in heaven.
152 Concerning thy testimonies, I have known of old That thou hast founded them for ever.
160 Thy word is true from the beginning: And every one of thy righteous judgments endureth for ever.
I. Psalm 146:6.
I. Psalm 146:6.
6 Which made heaven, and earth, The sea, and all that therein is: Which keepeth truth for ever:
This verse teaches that the preservation of the scriptures falls within the province of God's omnipotence. He is able to keep them.
This verse teaches that the preservation of the scriptures falls within the province of God's omnipotence. He is able to keep them.
J. Proverbs 22:20,21.
J. Proverbs 22:20,21.
20 Have not I written to thee excellent things In counsels and knowledge,
21 That I might make thee know the certainty of the words of truth; That thou mightest answer the words of truth to them that send unto thee?
Only preservation guarantees this "certainty!" Amen!
Only preservation guarantees this "certainty!" Amen!
K. Isaiah 40:8b.
K. Isaiah 40:8b.
8 The grass withereth, the flower fadeth: But the word of our God shall stand for ever.
L. Isaiah 59:21.
L. Isaiah 59:21.
21 As for me, this is my covenant with them, saith the Lord; My spirit that is upon thee, And my words which I have put in thy mouth, Shall not depart out of thy mouth, Nor out of the mouth of thy seed, Nor out of the mouth of thy seed’s seed, saith the Lord, From henceforth and for ever.
This verse teaches both inspiration ("... My words which I have put in thy mouth...") and preservation (".. from henceforth and for ever").
This verse teaches both inspiration ("... My words which I have put in thy mouth...") and preservation (".. from henceforth and for ever").
M. Matthew 24:35.
M. Matthew 24:35.
35 Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away.
This verse brings the doctrine of preservation to bear upon the New Testament scriptures. See also: Luke 21:33.
This verse brings the doctrine of preservation to bear upon the New Testament scriptures. See also: Luke 21:33.
N. Matthew 28:19,20.
N. Matthew 28:19,20.
19 Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost:
20 Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen.
The "Great Commission" requires that the Lord's churches teach believers all things whatsoever I have commanded you..." until the end of this world as we presently know it. In order to be able to do this, the "all things" must be preserved until the end of the world.
The "Great Commission" requires that the Lord's churches teach believers all things whatsoever I have commanded you..." until the end of this world as we presently know it. In order to be able to do this, the "all things" must be preserved until the end of the world.
0. Luke 16:17.
0. Luke 16:17.
17 And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass, than one tittle of the law to fail.
P. John 10:35b.
P. John 10:35b.
35 If he called them gods, unto whom the word of God came, and the scripture cannot be broken;
This verse has reference to the unchanging nature of the Word of God.
This verse has reference to the unchanging nature of the Word of God.
Q. John 12:47,48.
Q. John 12:47,48.
47 And if any man hear my words, and believe not, I judge him not: for I came not to judge the world, but to save the world.
48 He that rejecteth me, and receiveth not my words, hath one that judgeth him: the word that I have spoken, the same shall judge him in the last day.
The words of the Lord are the basis for salvation. The Word is the basis of judgment. This judgment takes place in the "last day," after heaven and earth have passed away - Revelation 20:11,12. Even at the end of earthly time, the Word of God is still in existence!
The words of the Lord are the basis for salvation. The Word is the basis of judgment. This judgment takes place in the "last day," after heaven and earth have passed away - Revelation 20:11,12. Even at the end of earthly time, the Word of God is still in existence!
R. II Timothy 3:15,16.
R. II Timothy 3:15,16.
15 And that from a child thou hast known the holy scriptures, which are able to make thee wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus.
16 All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness:
These verses, which are usually cited with reference to "inspiration," give some remarkable truth about "preservation."
These verses, which are usually cited with reference to "inspiration," give some remarkable truth about "preservation."
1. Timothy Had The Scriptures:
The verse does not say he had a "reliable facsimile."
And yet ....
1. Timothy Had The Scriptures:
The verse does not say he had a "reliable facsimile."
And yet ....
2. Timothy Did Not Have The "Original Autographs.".
In his day, the (Old Testament) scriptures were anywhere from between 1,500 and 450 years old — and were copies of copies of copies of copies, etc.
2. Timothy Did Not Have The "Original Autographs.".
In his day, the (Old Testament) scriptures were anywhere from between 1,500 and 450 years old — and were copies of copies of copies of copies, etc.
3. The Copies Timothy Had Access To Are Called "Scripture" And Are Said To Be "Inspired."
3. The Copies Timothy Had Access To Are Called "Scripture" And Are Said To Be "Inspired."
This passage makes nonsense out of any reference to the "inspired originals." The original autographs were indeed inspired - but so are the preserved copies, and what we are dealing with (since the 2ND Century A.D.) are preserved copies! The "originals" are non-existent.
This passage makes nonsense out of any reference to the "inspired originals." The original autographs were indeed inspired - but so are the preserved copies, and what we are dealing with (since the 2ND Century A.D.) are preserved copies! The "originals" are non-existent.
S. I Peter 1:23,25.
S. I Peter 1:23,25.
23 Being born again, not of corruptible seed, but of incorruptible, by the word of God, which liveth and abideth for ever.
25 But the word of the Lord endureth for ever. And this is the word which by the gospel is preached unto you.
Notice that the Word of God:
Notice that the Word of God:
1. Is Incorruptible — the promise of continued purity. We can expect to find a pure Bible today.
1. Is Incorruptible — the promise of continued purity. We can expect to find a pure Bible today.
2. Lives For Ever - the promise of continued life effectiveness, see: Hebrews 4:12).
2. Lives For Ever - the promise of continued life effectiveness, see: Hebrews 4:12).
3. Abides for ever.
3. Abides for ever.
4. Endure for ever.
4. Endure for ever.
The doctrine of the preservation of the Scripture is based squarely upon the Promises of God, and falls within the realm of His Providence. (See: Isaiah 46:9-11) Thus we speak of “providential preservation”
The doctrine of the preservation of the Scripture is based squarely upon the Promises of God, and falls within the realm of His Providence. (See: Isaiah 46:9-11) Thus we speak of “providential preservation”
II. The Logic of Preservation.
II. The Logic of Preservation.
Preservation is a logical doctrine.
Preservation is a logical doctrine.
Why would God give us the Bible, taking meticulous care with the very word of Scripture, then all their loss or distortion to occur over time?
Why would God give us the Bible, taking meticulous care with the very word of Scripture, then all their loss or distortion to occur over time?
Would not God, who through the miracle of inspiration gave us His very words in written form, also be able to keep them through a miracle such as preservation? See: Ecclesiastes 3:14
Would not God, who through the miracle of inspiration gave us His very words in written form, also be able to keep them through a miracle such as preservation? See: Ecclesiastes 3:14
III. The Extent of Preservation.
III. The Extent of Preservation.
The doctrine of inspiration teaches that God was concerned with words. the Bible teaches verbal inspiration.
The doctrine of inspiration teaches that God was concerned with words. the Bible teaches verbal inspiration.
A review of the scripture references cited above also shows very clearly that God has preserved the words also.
A review of the scripture references cited above also shows very clearly that God has preserved the words also.
Thus our understanding of preservation goes beyond the Books, chapters, thoughts, concepts, and sense (all of which have indeed been preserved) It extends to the words.
Thus our understanding of preservation goes beyond the Books, chapters, thoughts, concepts, and sense (all of which have indeed been preserved) It extends to the words.
At this point many encounter a real difficulty in comprehending the doctrine of preservation.
At this point many encounter a real difficulty in comprehending the doctrine of preservation.
There is a conflict between reason and faith.
There is a conflict between reason and faith.
A. The object of reason. The logic of human reason would argue thus:
A. The object of reason. The logic of human reason would argue thus:
1. Let us say the actual, original [Greek] writing by the hand of the apostle Paul in a particular passage is @eorveuotos - “theopneustos.”
1. Let us say the actual, original [Greek] writing by the hand of the apostle Paul in a particular passage is @eorveuotos - “theopneustos.”
2. Accepting the fact that this word may be translated into English (which might be argued against on the grounds of strict “word preservation”, it should be translated as “God-breathed.”
2. Accepting the fact that this word may be translated into English (which might be argued against on the grounds of strict “word preservation”, it should be translated as “God-breathed.”
3. But in our English Bible, this ONE Greek word is translated to read:
“given by inspiration of God” - meaning the translators have:
3. But in our English Bible, this ONE Greek word is translated to read:
“given by inspiration of God” - meaning the translators have:
a. Added words (1 Greek word → 5 English words).
a. Added words (1 Greek word → 5 English words).
b. Changed words ("theopneustos" literally means to "expire" or
"breathe out" → “inspire," or "breathe in").
b. Changed words ("theopneustos" literally means to "expire" or
"breathe out" → “inspire," or "breathe in").
Reason then asks, "How can this possibly be word preservation?"
Reason then asks, "How can this possibly be word preservation?"
B. THE ANSWER OF FAITH: The response of faith to the above reasoning is:
B. THE ANSWER OF FAITH: The response of faith to the above reasoning is:
1. We do not have any "original" autographs. Neither did Timothy, but he did have the Scriptures!
1. We do not have any "original" autographs. Neither did Timothy, but he did have the Scriptures!
2. Timothy had available to him the Book of Deuteronomy (from his childhood) and the Book of I Timothy (initially addressed to him).
2. Timothy had available to him the Book of Deuteronomy (from his childhood) and the Book of I Timothy (initially addressed to him).
3. I Timothy cites both the Book of Deuteronomy and the Book of Luke, affirming them as scripture.
3. I Timothy cites both the Book of Deuteronomy and the Book of Luke, affirming them as scripture.
18 For the scripture saith, Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn. And, The labourer is worthy of his reward.
4 Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn.
7 And in the same house remain, eating and drinking such things as they give: for the labourer is worthy of his hire. Go not from house to house.
4. Sometimes when the New Testament quotes the Old Testament, the Holy Spirit uses a slightly different wording. One example is where Deuteronomy 8:3 is quoted by the Lord Jesus Christ in Luke 4:4, with slightly different wording (yet without loss of meaning)
4. Sometimes when the New Testament quotes the Old Testament, the Holy Spirit uses a slightly different wording. One example is where Deuteronomy 8:3 is quoted by the Lord Jesus Christ in Luke 4:4, with slightly different wording (yet without loss of meaning)
3 And he humbled thee, and suffered thee to hunger, and fed thee with manna, which thou knewest not, neither did thy fathers know; that he might make thee know that man doth not live by bread only, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of the Lord doth man live.
4 And Jesus answered him, saying, It is written, That man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God.
a. In the first place, the quotation was from the Hebrew → Greek.
a. In the first place, the quotation was from the Hebrew → Greek.
b. In the second place, both references are taken from Books (Deuteronomy & Luke) that are specifically stated to be SCRIPTURE.
b. In the second place, both references are taken from Books (Deuteronomy & Luke) that are specifically stated to be SCRIPTURE.
c. In the third place, the Spirit of God is well qualified to use different words since He is the Author of Scripture.
c. In the third place, the Spirit of God is well qualified to use different words since He is the Author of Scripture.
It is only an assumption that when a New Testament writer quotes from the Old Testament, he was sitting down and copying it from an existing scroll. (The example of Acts 20:35 and Jude 14 shows this not to be the case.)
It is only an assumption that when a New Testament writer quotes from the Old Testament, he was sitting down and copying it from an existing scroll. (The example of Acts 20:35 and Jude 14 shows this not to be the case.)
Faith concludes that God will keep His promise to preserve His Word, Working providentially by the same Spirit through the processes of copying and translation to give us the very words He desires.
Faith concludes that God will keep His promise to preserve His Word, Working providentially by the same Spirit through the processes of copying and translation to give us the very words He desires.
God's words are still His words when copied or translated. We may not fully understand this fact, but the Bible clearly teaches its
God's words are still His words when copied or translated. We may not fully understand this fact, but the Bible clearly teaches its
IV. The Nature of Preservation.
IV. The Nature of Preservation.
History bears witness to the providential preservation of the Bible in two areas: Its physical PERPETUITY
and Its textual PURITY.
History bears witness to the providential preservation of the Bible in two areas: Its physical PERPETUITY
and Its textual PURITY.
A. The Perpetuity of the Bible as a Book.
A. The Perpetuity of the Bible as a Book.
On numerous occasions Satan has attempted to eradicate the Word of God from the face of the earth. Hellish decrees by wicked men have seen the Bible banned, burnt, and banished, then battered by scornful critics.
On numerous occasions Satan has attempted to eradicate the Word of God from the face of the earth. Hellish decrees by wicked men have seen the Bible banned, burnt, and banished, then battered by scornful critics.
For example:
For example:
1. In 302 A.D. the Roman emperor Diocletian issued an edict which decreed the burning of all Bibles.
1. In 302 A.D. the Roman emperor Diocletian issued an edict which decreed the burning of all Bibles.
2. During the "Dark Ages," the "Devil's Millennium" (500-1500 A.D.), the 'Church' of Rome forbade the use of Bibles by the laity. The first decree against the Bible came from Pope Nicholas I in 860 A.D., and in
1198 A.D. Pope Innocent Ill issued a decree that all who read the Bible should be put to death.
2. During the "Dark Ages," the "Devil's Millennium" (500-1500 A.D.), the 'Church' of Rome forbade the use of Bibles by the laity. The first decree against the Bible came from Pope Nicholas I in 860 A.D., and in
1198 A.D. Pope Innocent Ill issued a decree that all who read the Bible should be put to death.
3. In 1415 A.D., 31 years after his death, the remains of John Wycliffe were exhumed, judged, burnt, then scattered in the River Swift for the crime of translating the Latin Vulgate into English. William Tyndale was strangled then burnt at the stake in 1536 A.D. for translating the Bible into English.
3. In 1415 A.D., 31 years after his death, the remains of John Wycliffe were exhumed, judged, burnt, then scattered in the River Swift for the crime of translating the Latin Vulgate into English. William Tyndale was strangled then burnt at the stake in 1536 A.D. for translating the Bible into English.
4. During the reign of "bloody" Queen Mary in England (1553-1558 A.D.), Bibles were used as fuel to burn Protestants at the stake.
4. During the reign of "bloody" Queen Mary in England (1553-1558 A.D.), Bibles were used as fuel to burn Protestants at the stake.
5. The French infidel Voltaire (d. 1778) once boasted that Christianity (i.e. Catholicism) would be a dead religion within 100 years of his day. He wrote many volumes against 'Christianity' and the Bible. Within 50 years of his death his own printing works was being used by the Geneva Bible Society for the printing of Bibles! Ninety-two volumes of Voltaire's works once sold at an auction for just a few dollars — at the same auction, one ancient Bible manuscript sold for over $500,000.
5. The French infidel Voltaire (d. 1778) once boasted that Christianity (i.e. Catholicism) would be a dead religion within 100 years of his day. He wrote many volumes against 'Christianity' and the Bible. Within 50 years of his death his own printing works was being used by the Geneva Bible Society for the printing of Bibles! Ninety-two volumes of Voltaire's works once sold at an auction for just a few dollars — at the same auction, one ancient Bible manuscript sold for over $500,000.
"Last eve I paused beside the blacksmith's door, And heard the anvil ring with vesper chime. Then, looking in, I saw old hammers, (on the floor) Worn with the beating years of time. ‘How many anvils have you had,' I asked ‘To wear out all these hammers so?' Just one.' he said, and then, with twinkling eye ‘The anvil wears out the hammers, you know!' And so, thought I, the anvil of God's Word For ages skeptic blows have beat upon. Yet, though the noise of falling blows is heard,
The hammers are gone, and the anvil is unharmed."— John Clifford
Down through the many centuries, God has marvelously and miraculously preserved His Word from physical destruction.
Down through the many centuries, God has marvelously and miraculously preserved His Word from physical destruction.
a. The Perpetuity Of The OLD TESTAMENT.
a. The Perpetuity Of The OLD TESTAMENT.
According to Romans 3:2, the preservation of the Old Testament was committed to the Jews. Until recent times there have been relatively few ancient manuscripts of the Old Testament text extant - and the earliest of these was dated at around 895 A.D.
According to Romans 3:2, the preservation of the Old Testament was committed to the Jews. Until recent times there have been relatively few ancient manuscripts of the Old Testament text extant - and the earliest of these was dated at around 895 A.D.
The history of the Jewish people and the desolations of Jerusalem account somewhat for this fact, but the primary reason lay with the methods used by the Jewish scribes involved in the transmission of the Old Testament text down through the centuries. "Copies intended for use in the Synagogue were to be written according to precise rules, and with the most minute attention to accuracy. Any copy which was found faulty or damaged was to be destroyed. When a new copy had been made, and its accuracy tested, the old manuscript (especially if it had been in any way damaged) was destroyed or consigned to a lumber-cupboard. This practice accounts for the disappearance of all the early manuscripts, but it is also a guarantee of the accuracy of those that survive."
The history of the Jewish people and the desolations of Jerusalem account somewhat for this fact, but the primary reason lay with the methods used by the Jewish scribes involved in the transmission of the Old Testament text down through the centuries. "Copies intended for use in the Synagogue were to be written according to precise rules, and with the most minute attention to accuracy. Any copy which was found faulty or damaged was to be destroyed. When a new copy had been made, and its accuracy tested, the old manuscript (especially if it had been in any way damaged) was destroyed or consigned to a lumber-cupboard. This practice accounts for the disappearance of all the early manuscripts, but it is also a guarantee of the accuracy of those that survive."
The special storage room or cupboard in a synagogue where these old manuscripts were stored prior to their ceremonial disposal was called a genizah.
The special storage room or cupboard in a synagogue where these old manuscripts were stored prior to their ceremonial disposal was called a genizah.
b. The Perpetuity Of The NEW TESTAMENT.
b. The Perpetuity Of The NEW TESTAMENT.
In contrast to the Old Testament, there is a vast number of New Testament manuscripts extant. According to the tally kept by Kurt Aland (as of 1968) there are existing today ...
In contrast to the Old Testament, there is a vast number of New Testament manuscripts extant. According to the tally kept by Kurt Aland (as of 1968) there are existing today ...
81 papyrus manuscripts and fragments,
267 uncial (upper case script) manuscripts,
2,764 minuscule (cursive script) manuscripts, and
2,143 lectionary manuscripts
81 papyrus manuscripts and fragments,
267 uncial (upper case script) manuscripts,
2,764 minuscule (cursive script) manuscripts, and
2,143 lectionary manuscripts
... of the New Testament text, along with approximately 10,000 Latin manuscripts and over 9,000 old manuscripts of other versions. Not all of these texts are reliable, neither does the fidelity of the New Testament text depend upon the quantity. (It is, however, interesting to note that the next most ancient surviving Greek writing is Homer's Iliad — of which there are 643 manuscript copies extant, the oldest dating back to the 13TH century A.D. The New Testament has been physically preserved over the last 1,900+ years in two streams - one living, and one dormant:
i. The LIVING Stream of the Priesthood of Believers & New
Testament Churches:
... of the New Testament text, along with approximately 10,000 Latin manuscripts and over 9,000 old manuscripts of other versions. Not all of these texts are reliable, neither does the fidelity of the New Testament text depend upon the quantity. (It is, however, interesting to note that the next most ancient surviving Greek writing is Homer's Iliad — of which there are 643 manuscript copies extant, the oldest dating back to the 13TH century A.D. The New Testament has been physically preserved over the last 1,900+ years in two streams - one living, and one dormant:
i. The LIVING Stream of the Priesthood of Believers & New
Testament Churches:
New Testament Baptist churches are called the "pillar and ground of the truth" in I Timothy 3:15. Christian believers are called "an holy priesthood" in I Peter 2:5. The transmission of the New Testament text was committed to them. They are the "living" vehicles of preservation.
New Testament Baptist churches are called the "pillar and ground of the truth" in I Timothy 3:15. Christian believers are called "an holy priesthood" in I Peter 2:5. The transmission of the New Testament text was committed to them. They are the "living" vehicles of preservation.
To this fact history bears abundant witness.
During the "Dark Ages," when the established 'Church' ruled with godless tyranny, hundreds of thousands of true Christians remained faithful to their Lord, though often persecuted into the obscure back-waters of history.
To this fact history bears abundant witness.
During the "Dark Ages," when the established 'Church' ruled with godless tyranny, hundreds of thousands of true Christians remained faithful to their Lord, though often persecuted into the obscure back-waters of history.
Early translations from the pure Greek text were made into Syriac (c. 150 A.D.) and Latin (c.157 A.D.). As pure Christianity spread across the Roman Empire these Bibles flourished and were later staunchly defended against the inroads of a perverted Christianity with its perverted Bible.
Early translations from the pure Greek text were made into Syriac (c. 150 A.D.) and Latin (c.157 A.D.). As pure Christianity spread across the Roman Empire these Bibles flourished and were later staunchly defended against the inroads of a perverted Christianity with its perverted Bible.
"The old Latin versions were used longest by the western Christians who would not bow to the authority of Rome
— e.g., the Donatists; the Irish in Ireland, Britain, and the Continent; the Albigenses, etc."
"The old Latin versions were used longest by the western Christians who would not bow to the authority of Rome
— e.g., the Donatists; the Irish in Ireland, Britain, and the Continent; the Albigenses, etc."
"The Waldenses were among the first of the peoples of Europe to obtain a translation of the Holy Scriptures. Hundreds of years before the Reformation, they possessed the Bible in manuscript in their native tongue. They had the truth unadulterated, and this rendered them the special objects of hatred and persecution... Here for a thousand years, witnesses for the truth maintained the ancient faith ... In a most wonderful manner it (the Word of Truth) was preserved uncorrupted through all the ages of darkness."
"It is therefore evident that the translators of 1611 had before them four Bibles which had come under Waldensian influences: the Diodati in Italian, the Olivetan in French, the Lutheran in German, and the Genevan in English. We have every reason to believe that they had access to at least six Waldensian Bibles written in the old Waldensian vernacular."
"The Waldenses were among the first of the peoples of Europe to obtain a translation of the Holy Scriptures. Hundreds of years before the Reformation, they possessed the Bible in manuscript in their native tongue. They had the truth unadulterated, and this rendered them the special objects of hatred and persecution... Here for a thousand years, witnesses for the truth maintained the ancient faith ... In a most wonderful manner it (the Word of Truth) was preserved uncorrupted through all the ages of darkness."
"It is therefore evident that the translators of 1611 had before them four Bibles which had come under Waldensian influences: the Diodati in Italian, the Olivetan in French, the Lutheran in German, and the Genevan in English. We have every reason to believe that they had access to at least six Waldensian Bibles written in the old Waldensian vernacular."
Any student of Church History knows that the Donatists, Albigenses, and Waldenses (among others) are part of our Baptist heritage.
Any student of Church History knows that the Donatists, Albigenses, and Waldenses (among others) are part of our Baptist heritage.
ii. The DORMANT Stream of Eastern Christendom:
ii. The DORMANT Stream of Eastern Christendom:
The Greek New Testament was also preserved in the Greek-speaking branch of Christendom, even during the times of apostasy and darkness. The Roman emperor Constantine I (312-337 A.D.) moved the seat of his government to the city of Byzantium (re-naming it Constantinople). This divided the Roman empire into two legs (Daniel 2:33a), East and West, resulting in the emergence of the two great branches of Christendom - the Western (Latin) 'Church' centered at Rome, and the Eastern (Byzantine) ‘Church' centered at Constantinople.
The Greek New Testament was also preserved in the Greek-speaking branch of Christendom, even during the times of apostasy and darkness. The Roman emperor Constantine I (312-337 A.D.) moved the seat of his government to the city of Byzantium (re-naming it Constantinople). This divided the Roman empire into two legs (Daniel 2:33a), East and West, resulting in the emergence of the two great branches of Christendom - the Western (Latin) 'Church' centered at Rome, and the Eastern (Byzantine) ‘Church' centered at Constantinople.
The Byzantine period extended until the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453 A.D. For most of its history the Eastern 'Church' dwelt in spiritual darkness, and yet within its monasteries the monks continued to reproduce thousands of manuscripts of the pure Greek New Testament. How this could be, when the very scriptures they were copying clearly taught against the infant baptism, the Mariolatry, the worship of icons, etc., they were practicing, is a miracle.
The Byzantine period extended until the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453 A.D. For most of its history the Eastern 'Church' dwelt in spiritual darkness, and yet within its monasteries the monks continued to reproduce thousands of manuscripts of the pure Greek New Testament. How this could be, when the very scriptures they were copying clearly taught against the infant baptism, the Mariolatry, the worship of icons, etc., they were practicing, is a miracle.
The reason God's Word was preserved through this channel is tradition.
The reason God's Word was preserved through this channel is tradition.
* The language tradition - Greek continued to be spoken in the east, long after the west became latinized. Hence an interest in the Greek scriptures was maintained
* The language tradition - Greek continued to be spoken in the east, long after the west became latinized. Hence an interest in the Greek scriptures was maintained
* The apostolic tradition - Greece and Asia Minor were the first major centers of Christianity. Most of the "originals" would have been here!
* The apostolic tradition - Greece and Asia Minor were the first major centers of Christianity. Most of the "originals" would have been here!
* The missionary tradition — Antioch was the first great missionary center, Acts 11 & 13. The East was the birthplace of Christianity.
* The missionary tradition — Antioch was the first great missionary center, Acts 11 & 13. The East was the birthplace of Christianity.
* The creedal tradition — all the ecumenical councils, from Nicea I (325 A.D.) to Constantinople IV (869 A.D.) were held in the east and in the Greek language. The great doctrinal controversies were dealt with at these councils.
* The creedal tradition — all the ecumenical councils, from Nicea I (325 A.D.) to Constantinople IV (869 A.D.) were held in the east and in the Greek language. The great doctrinal controversies were dealt with at these councils.
These traditions of language and influence resulted in the careful transmission of the New Testament text. Hence we refer to the pure, preserved text as the:
These traditions of language and influence resulted in the careful transmission of the New Testament text. Hence we refer to the pure, preserved text as the:
Byzantine text
Traditional text
Received text Textus Receptus - Received Text
Antiochan text
Syrian text
Byzantine text
Traditional text
Received text Textus Receptus - Received Text
Antiochan text
Syrian text
Over 90% of all extant manuscripts belong to this textual
-family!
Over 90% of all extant manuscripts belong to this textual
-family!
B. THE PURITY OF THE BIBLICAL TEXT:
B. THE PURITY OF THE BIBLICAL TEXT:
In conjunction with his attempts to destroy God's Word in a physical way, Satan used another, more subtle, device — that of textual corruption.
In conjunction with his attempts to destroy God's Word in a physical way, Satan used another, more subtle, device — that of textual corruption.
Under the guise of scholarship, Satan has succeeded in producing phony, look-alike, counterfeit bibles, Nevertheless God has, according to His faithful promises, preserved His Word in its pure form. The story of how this was accomplished is remarkable.
Under the guise of scholarship, Satan has succeeded in producing phony, look-alike, counterfeit bibles, Nevertheless God has, according to His faithful promises, preserved His Word in its pure form. The story of how this was accomplished is remarkable.
1. God's Preservation Of The Old Testament Text.
1. God's Preservation Of The Old Testament Text.
The reliability of the Old Testament text rests upon the ability of the scribes. Its transmission is something that must surely cause us to stand in wonder."
The reliability of the Old Testament text rests upon the ability of the scribes. Its transmission is something that must surely cause us to stand in wonder."
The Jews cherished the highest awe and veneration for their sacred writings which they regarded as the "Oracles of God." They maintained that God had more care of the letters and syllables of the Law than of the stars of heaven, and that upon each tittle of it, mountains of doctrine hung. For this reason every individual letter was numbered by them and account kept of how often it occurred. In the transcription of an authorized synagogue manuscript, rules were enforced of the minutest character."
The Jews cherished the highest awe and veneration for their sacred writings which they regarded as the "Oracles of God." They maintained that God had more care of the letters and syllables of the Law than of the stars of heaven, and that upon each tittle of it, mountains of doctrine hung. For this reason every individual letter was numbered by them and account kept of how often it occurred. In the transcription of an authorized synagogue manuscript, rules were enforced of the minutest character."
2. God's Preservation Of The New Testament Text:
2. God's Preservation Of The New Testament Text:
No set of rules was ever devised for the transmission of the New Testament text, but it is quite evident that great care was exercised.
No set of rules was ever devised for the transmission of the New Testament text, but it is quite evident that great care was exercised.
a. The early years of Christianity were strongly influenced by Jewish custom and tradition. We would not expect churches and Christian scribes to do less.
a. The early years of Christianity were strongly influenced by Jewish custom and tradition. We would not expect churches and Christian scribes to do less.
b. There is evidence that the copying of manuscripts was taken very seriously.
b. There is evidence that the copying of manuscripts was taken very seriously.
For example, Wilbur Pickering cites Metzger who writes, "Irenaeus attached to the closing of his treatise... the following note: I adjure you who shall copy out this book, by our Lord Jesus Christ and by His glorious advent when He comes to judge the living and the dead, that you compare what you transcribe, and correct it carefully against this manuscript from which you copy; and also that you transcribe this adjuration and insert it in the copy."
For example, Wilbur Pickering cites Metzger who writes, "Irenaeus attached to the closing of his treatise... the following note: I adjure you who shall copy out this book, by our Lord Jesus Christ and by His glorious advent when He comes to judge the living and the dead, that you compare what you transcribe, and correct it carefully against this manuscript from which you copy; and also that you transcribe this adjuration and insert it in the copy."
"Pickering rightly asks, "If Irenaeus took such extreme precautions for the accurate transmission of his own work, how much more would he be concerned for the accurate copying of the Word of God?"
He also notes the great concern of Irenaus (115-200 A.D.) for the exact wording of Revelation 13:18 [as to whether John wrote 666 or 616,] and concludes, “Irenaeus asserts that 666 is found 'in all
the most approved and ancient copies' and that 'those men who saw John face to face' bear witness to it. And he warns those who made the change (of a single letter) that 'there shall be no light punishment upon him who either adds or subtracts anything from the Scripture.' (xxx.1)."
c. There was considerable conflict over Biblical texts in earlier times. “For nine hundred years, we are told, the first Latin translations held their own after the Vulgate appeared [380 A.D.]"
"Pickering rightly asks, "If Irenaeus took such extreme precautions for the accurate transmission of his own work, how much more would he be concerned for the accurate copying of the Word of God?"
He also notes the great concern of Irenaus (115-200 A.D.) for the exact wording of Revelation 13:18 [as to whether John wrote 666 or 616,] and concludes, “Irenaeus asserts that 666 is found 'in all
the most approved and ancient copies' and that 'those men who saw John face to face' bear witness to it. And he warns those who made the change (of a single letter) that 'there shall be no light punishment upon him who either adds or subtracts anything from the Scripture.' (xxx.1)."
c. There was considerable conflict over Biblical texts in earlier times. “For nine hundred years, we are told, the first Latin translations held their own after the Vulgate appeared [380 A.D.]"
"The Jesuits ... brought forth an English translation of the Vulgate (Rheims-Douay]. In its preface they expressly declared that the Vulgate had been translated in 1300 into Italian and in 1400 into French, 'the sooner to shake out of the deceived people's hands, the false heretical translations of a sect called Waldenses.'"
"The Jesuits ... brought forth an English translation of the Vulgate (Rheims-Douay]. In its preface they expressly declared that the Vulgate had been translated in 1300 into Italian and in 1400 into French, 'the sooner to shake out of the deceived people's hands, the false heretical translations of a sect called Waldenses.'"
Such conflict indicates there were differences between the various Biblical texts, and a willingness by many to care about those differences.
Such conflict indicates there were differences between the various Biblical texts, and a willingness by many to care about those differences.
V. The Preservation of the Old Testament.
See: Chart # 1 on page 73
V. The Preservation of the Old Testament.
See: Chart # 1 on page 73
This chart shows the chain of transmission of the Old Testament- from the autographs to the Authorized, King James Version.
This chart shows the chain of transmission of the Old Testament- from the autographs to the Authorized, King James Version.
The Masoretes were Jewish scholars whose life's work involved the transmission of the pure Hebrew Old Testament text. Their name comes from the word “masorah" which means "tradition." These Masoretic scribes were active between 500-1000 A.D. They followed the strict rules laid down by the Talmud.
The Masoretes were Jewish scholars whose life's work involved the transmission of the pure Hebrew Old Testament text. Their name comes from the word “masorah" which means "tradition." These Masoretic scribes were active between 500-1000 A.D. They followed the strict rules laid down by the Talmud.
Because of their practice of destroying worn or faulty manuscripts, very few manuscripts are extant.
Because of their practice of destroying worn or faulty manuscripts, very few manuscripts are extant.
VI. The Preservation of the Old Testament.
See: Chart # 2 on page 75
VI. The Preservation of the Old Testament.
See: Chart # 2 on page 75
This chart shows the chain of transmission of the pure New Testament text, from the autographs to the Authorized, King James Version.
This chart shows the chain of transmission of the pure New Testament text, from the autographs to the Authorized, King James Version.
