1689 LBCF 23:2

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Introduction and Qualifiers

XXIII

LAWFUL OATHS AND VOWS

So, let me encourage you to...
Get your Bibles ready
Open your Confession
But, let’s first go to our Lord in prayer
Pray
For the last two sessions...
...we looked at the foundation laid in paragraph 1.
Any Questions about last time?
Today:
(Read the whole thing first)

Therefore to swear an empty or ill-advised oath by that glorious and awe-inspiring name, or to swear at all by anything else, is sinful and to be abhorred.

Yet in weighty and significant matters, an oath is authorized by the Word of God to confirm truth and end all conflict.

So a lawful oath should be taken when it is required by legitimate authority in such circumstances

Alright, let’s jump back in at the beginning.
(In a sense, we already...
...dealt with this first proposition...
...in our consideration of paragraph 1)
It says:
But then with three Qualifiers to that:
And:
Here’s the basic idea:
Deuteronomy 6:13–15 ESV
It is the Lord your God you shall fear. Him you shall serve and by his name you shall swear. You shall not go after other gods, the gods of the peoples who are around you— for the Lord your God in your midst is a jealous God—lest the anger of the Lord your God be kindled against you, and he destroy you from off the face of the earth.
Consider this from a commentator:

What does it mean to swear by God’s name?

Think of how people often swear. Someone might say, “I swear on my mother’s grave.” The person is connecting something of honor to the oath.

If the truth and nothing but the truth is communicated by the oath, then Mom’s grave (memory) is honored.

If it is a lie or there is no follow through with the promise, then Mom’s grave is dishonored.

The idea is that a person would certainly not desecrate his mother’s grave. Therefore, he or she must be telling the truth or be definitely committed to what has been promised.

To swear by God’s name is to attach His honor to the oath. If we are lying or not committed to what is promised, we have desecrated His name

This is why this is a violation of the third commandment:
Exodus 20:7 ESV
“You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain, for the Lord will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain.
-Think about this as well:

Why must we swear by God’s name exclusively

First, Scripture reveals this to be a universal duty of all men and to swear by any other name is a form of idolatry, stealing honor that belongs only to Him

Jeremiah 12:16–17 ESV
And it shall come to pass, if they will diligently learn the ways of my people, to swear by my name, ‘As the Lord lives,’ even as they taught my people to swear by Baal, then they shall be built up in the midst of my people. But if any nation will not listen, then I will utterly pluck it up and destroy it, declares the Lord.”

Second, to swear by someone other than God is to essentially ascribe to that person those divine attributes mentioned in the first paragraph that belong to God alone—the ability to infallibly know the truth or falsity of the oath taken and to judge the person swearing the oath

Think about the severity in this:
Jeremiah 5:7–9 ESV
“How can I pardon you? Your children have forsaken me and have sworn by those who are no gods. When I fed them to the full, they committed adultery and trooped to the houses of whores. They were well-fed, lusty stallions, each neighing for his neighbor’s wife. Shall I not punish them for these things? declares the Lord; and shall I not avenge myself on a nation such as this?

Third, to swear by something other than God’s name can open the door to justifying dishonesty because the moral pressure to be absolutely truthful is lessened

It is lessened because there is not the sense of seriousness that comes from knowing that God will curse those who swear falsely by His name

Leviticus 19:12 ESV
You shall not swear by my name falsely, and so profane the name of your God: I am the Lord.
Again, why:
Exodus 20:7 ESV
...for the Lord will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain.
Therefore… says our Confession:

Therefore to swear an

Are they right?
Remember this from last time:
Matthew 5:33–37 ESV
“Again you have heard that it was said to those of old, ‘You shall not swear falsely, but shall perform to the Lord what you have sworn.’ But I say to you, Do not take an oath at all, either by heaven, for it is the throne of God, or by the earth, for it is his footstool, or by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King. And do not take an oath by your head, for you cannot make one hair white or black. Let what you say be simply ‘Yes’ or ‘No’; anything more than this comes from evil.
James 5:12 ESV
But above all, my brothers, do not swear, either by heaven or by earth or by any other oath, but let your “yes” be yes and your “no” be no, so that you may not fall under condemnation.
If we harmonize these statements with:
The MANY command to swear by God’s name exclusively
The examples of God swearing oaths
Those examples of the Apostles making oaths and vows...
Then, the only position we can arrive at, is...
...what the Confession just articulated:

Therefore to swear an

And then following that with this:
Consider these proof texts...
...supplied by the editors:
(We saw them both before)
Hebrews 6:16 ESV
For people swear by something greater than themselves, and in all their disputes an oath is final for confirmation.
Paul exemplified that many times:
2 Corinthians 1:23 ESV
23 But I call God to witness against me—it was to spare you that I refrained from coming again to Corinth.
Johnson says this:

Swearing an oath should be reserved for matters of weight and moment (matters of great importance), when much is at stake and the recipient of the promise needs an extra added confirmation of truth.

For example, marriage is a covenant (

God Himself provides the great example of this principle

Hebrews 6:13–19 ESV
13 For when God made a promise to Abraham, since he had no one greater by whom to swear, he swore by himself, 14 saying, “Surely I will bless you and multiply you.” 15 And thus Abraham, having patiently waited, obtained the promise. 16 For people swear by something greater than themselves, and in all their disputes an oath is final for confirmation. 17 So when God desired to show more convincingly to the heirs of the promise the unchangeable character of his purpose, he guaranteed it with an oath, 18 so that by two unchangeable things, in which it is impossible for God to lie, we who have fled for refuge might have strong encouragement to hold fast to the hope set before us. 19 We have this as a sure and steadfast anchor of the soul...
It can’t be inherently morally wrong...
If God did it!
Johnson summarizes this section:

Reserving oaths for these serious matters helps us understand the import of Christ’s words when He says, “But let your ‘Yes’ be ‘Yes’ and your ‘No’ be ‘No.’ For whatever is more than these is from the evil one” (

Again, our Lord is not forbidding swearing oaths absolutely. The point is that swearing oaths should not be a part of

Our word should suffice without the need of an oath. If a person characteristically says, “I swear,” in everyday conversation, that may be an indication that he is not trustworthy.

truthful person generally feels no need to do anything other than to speak the truth

-The authors of the Confession...
...conclude paragraph 2 like this:
What circumstances?
So, three major qualifiers:
1.) Weighty and significant matters
2.) Required by legitimate authority
The editors of the Confession...
...give this situation as a proof text.
Let’s see if we can see those elements within it:
Nehemiah 13:23–31 ESV
23 In those days also I saw the Jews who had married women of Ashdod, Ammon, and Moab. 24 And half of their children spoke the language of Ashdod, and they could not speak the language of Judah, but only the language of each people. 25 And I confronted them and cursed them and beat some of them and pulled out their hair. And I made them take an oath in the name of God, saying, “You shall not give your daughters to their sons, or take their daughters for your sons or for yourselves. 26 Did not Solomon king of Israel sin on account of such women? Among the many nations there was no king like him, and he was beloved by his God, and God made him king over all Israel. Nevertheless, foreign women made even him to sin. 27 Shall we then listen to you and do all this great evil and act treacherously against our God by marrying foreign women? . . . 29 Remember them, O my God, because they have desecrated the priesthood and the covenant of the priesthood and the Levites. 30 Thus I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I established the duties of the priests and Levites, each in his work; 31 and I provided for the wood offering at appointed times, and for the firstfruits. Remember me, O my God, for good.
Weighty and Significant?
Mandated by a lawful authority?
-Alright, let’s be reminded of this:

However, if indeed, swearing oaths in “matters of weight and moment” is “warranted by the Word of God,” a believer has no scriptural grounds to conscientiously refuse to do so when it is “imposed by lawful authority in such matters

For example, a believer may be called to bear witness in a legal proceeding such as a court trial where he or she will be “placed under oath.”

It is entirely appropriate to swear an oath in that situation, because a person’s statements can make the difference between someone’s freedom or incarceration, or even life and death

Would it be moral to refuse in such a situation?
-Let’s end on this:
(it’s jumping ahead a bit)

If in reading this you are thinking, “I only want to take an oath when it is absolutely necessary,” then you have gotten the message

Questions?
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