1689 LBCF 23:4-5

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Introduction and Qualifiers

XXIII

LAWFUL OATHS AND VOWS

Today (Hopefully)
Paragraphs 4-5
So, let me encourage you to...
Get your Bibles ready
Open your Confession
But, let’s first go to our Lord in prayer
Pray
Review:

23:2 People should swear by the name of God alone and only with the utmost holy fear and reverence. Therefore to swear an empty or ill-advised oath by that glorious and awe-inspiring name, or to swear at all by anything else, is sinful and to be abhorred. Yet in weighty and significant matters, an oath is authorized by the Word of God to confirm truth and end all conflict. So a lawful oath should be taken when it is required by legitimate authority in such circumstances.

23:3 Whoever takes an oath authorized by the Word of God should consider with due gravity the seriousness of such a weighty act and to affirm nothing in it except what one knows to be true. For the Lord is provoked by ill-advised, false, and empty oaths, and because of them this land mourns

If in reading this you are thinking, “I only want to take an oath when it is absolutely necessary,” then you have gotten the message

Questions?
Let’s break it down:
Meaning spoken/communicated to others.
Has to do with what is said...
And how it is said...
And the intent behind it.
What does that mean?
It means you speak:
Where you can be easily understood
Where your words aren’t confusing
It means:
No Word-smithing
No hard to comprehend technicalities or disclaimers.
Rather:
Plain
Direct
Easily Understood
Johnson gives this example:

When accused of lying, the dishonest person will defend himself by exclaiming, “You misunderstood what I was saying.” He then will put a spin on his words to prove how he did not lie. “What I meant was …”

Swearing an oath sincerely is when we intend to be understood according to the

Think about this proof text from the editors:
Psalm 24:3–4 ESV
3 Who shall ascend the hill of the Lord? And who shall stand in his holy place? 4 He who has clean hands and a pure heart, who does not lift up his soul to what is false and does not swear deceitfully.
You can see that idea...
...in what the Confession goes on to say:
The Westminster (and the original 1689) uses the word:
The Westminster Confession of Faith: Edinburgh Edition Chapter XXII. Of Lawful Oaths and Vows

An oath is to be taken . . . without

What do those mean?
Ambiguity: an intentional lack of clarity and precision
You want them to be uncertain of what you’re affirming
You want them to have a measure of doubt
Equivocation: (The same idea)
Using ambiguous language to try to avoid clear commitment
Think about this:
Psalm 15:1–5 ESV
1 O Lord, who shall sojourn in your tent? Who shall dwell on your holy hill? 2 He who walks blamelessly and does what is right and speaks truth in his heart; 3 who does not slander with his tongue and does no evil to his neighbor, nor takes up a reproach against his friend; 4 in whose eyes a vile person is despised, but who honors those who fear the Lord; who swears to his own hurt and does not change; 5 who does not put out his money at interest and does not take a bribe against the innocent. He who does these things shall never be moved.
Also, Paul says that:
1 Timothy 1:10 ESV
10 ...liars, perjurers . . . contrary to sound doctrine,
i.e., that they aren’t:
1 Timothy 1:11 ESV
11 in accordance with the gospel of the glory of the blessed God...
-Finally, the Confession says:
Johnson, again is helpful:

“Mental reservation” is defined as “a

Consider the following example of mental reservation. A man and a woman take the traditional wedding vows, “in sickness and health, for richer or poorer, etc.”

He files for divorce after only a year of marriage because she burns the toast. She reminds him of the promise he swore to her. He explains that as he was taking the wedding vows he had the qualification, “only if she is a good cook,” in his mind as he made those promises to her.

Again, this is a deceitful effort to get out of the commitment while avoiding the charge of lying.

That is definitely not one who...
Psalm 15:4 ESV
4 ...swears to his own hurt and does not change;
Johnson Summarizes Paragraph 4 like this:

The overarching point is that sincerity in swearing an oath demands that we use our words according to how the other person will normally and legitimately interpret what is said.

Anything less than that is to swear deceitfully.

Again, hearkening back to:
Psalm 24:3–4 ESV
3 Who shall ascend the hill of the Lord? And who shall stand in his holy place? 4 He who has clean hands and a pure heart, who does not lift up his soul to what is false and does not swear deceitfully.
Questions?
-Alright, Paragraph 5:
Let’s read the whole thing:
So, notice first of all...
...that we’ve finally switched from oaths to vows.
And that first sentence...
...reminds us of the primary difference:
3 Things:
1.) A Vow is a promise made to do/not do something
2.) They can be made to God
3.) They can’t be made to anyone/anything else.
The (very similar) WCF...
...begins with this definition:
The Westminster Confession of Faith: Edinburgh Edition Chapter XXII. Of Lawful Oaths and Vows

V. A vow is of the like nature with

Johnson says this:

This is not a mere change of terminology to avoid monotony. There is a difference.

The Hebrew term in the Old Testament translated “vow” is always used to refer to commitments made to God, so the Confession is correct when it asserts that a vow is not to be made to any creature, but to God alone.

I checked that claim out
It seems true!
That’s a compelling argument.
2 chapters in Numbers illustrate that helpfully
Numbers 6:2 ESV
2 “Speak to the people of Israel and say to them, When either a man or a woman makes a special vow, the vow of a Nazirite, to separate himself to the Lord,
Numbers 6:8 ESV
8 All the days of his separation he is holy to the Lord.
Completely and Wholly
Numbers 30 is even more helpful...
It actually distinguishes between...
Oaths
Vows
Numbers 30:2 ESV
2 If a man vows a vow to the Lord, or swears an oath to bind himself by a pledge, he shall not break his word. He shall do according to all that proceeds out of his mouth.
Drawing from passages like that...
...the Confession says:

Vows should be made and performed with the most

Meaning what?
You treat it very seriously
You do what you promised
Consider:
Psalm 76:11 ESV
11 Make your vows to the Lord your God and perform them...
Deuteronomy 23:21–23 ESV
21 “If you make a vow to the Lord your God, you shall not delay fulfilling it, for the Lord your God will surely require it of you, and you will be guilty of sin. 22 But if you refrain from vowing, you will not be guilty of sin. 23 You shall be careful to do what has passed your lips, for you have voluntarily vowed to the Lord your God what you have promised with your mouth.
Ecclesiastes 5:1–5 ESV
1 Guard your steps when you go to the house of God. To draw near to listen is better than to offer the sacrifice of fools, for they do not know that they are doing evil. 2 Be not rash with your mouth, nor let your heart be hasty to utter a word before God, for God is in heaven and you are on earth. Therefore let your words be few.... 4 When you vow a vow to God, do not delay paying it, for he has no pleasure in fools. Pay what you vow. 5 It is better that you should not vow than that you should vow and not pay.
But...
As the Westminster clarifies:
The Westminster Confession of Faith: Edinburgh Edition Chapter XXII. Of Lawful Oaths and Vows

VII. No man may vow to do any thing forbidden in the word of God,

The Westminster Confession of Faith: Edinburgh Edition Chapter XXII. Of Lawful Oaths and Vows

or what would hinder any duty therein commanded,

The Westminster Confession of Faith: Edinburgh Edition Chapter XXII. Of Lawful Oaths and Vows

or which is not in his own power,

The Westminster Confession of Faith: Edinburgh Edition Chapter XXII. Of Lawful Oaths and Vows

and for the performance whereof he hath no promise or ability from God.

Let’s put that in cornbread:
You can’t vow: (on screen)
1.) To do what God forbids you to do
2.) To not do what God requires you to do
3.) What you’re unable to do...
a.) Unless God has promised to give you supernatural ability to do it.
That’s what the WCF includes as a preface to...
...what follows in Paragraph 5 of the 1689 Confession:

23:5 A vow must not be made to any creature but to God alone. Vows should be made and performed with the most conscientious care and faithfulness...

Instead, they are superstitious and sinful snares in which Christians

Those are some BOLD statements
Let’s unpack them...
...and examine them against the Word of God:
From Johnson:

In contrast to the Anabaptists, the Roman Catholic Church had no issues with swearing oaths or vows. Their problem is that they take vows outside the boundaries of Scripture. Rome teaches that those who join a religious order are to make “popish monastical vows” to God.

He elaborates one them individually:
What’s the problem with that?
1 Timothy 4:1–3 ESV
1 Now the Spirit expressly says that in later times some will depart from the faith by devoting themselves to deceitful spirits and teachings of demons, 2 through the insincerity of liars whose consciences are seared, 3 who forbid marriage and require abstinence from foods that God created to be received with thanksgiving by those who believe and know the truth.
1 Corinthians 7:2 ESV
2 But because of the temptation to sexual immorality, each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband.
AND, while we’re on erroneous vows:
1 Corinthians 7:3 ESV
3 The husband should give to his wife her conjugal rights, and likewise the wife to her husband.
1 Timothy 3:1–5 ESV
2 ...an overseer must be . . . the husband of one wife, sober-minded... 4 He must manage his own household well, with all dignity keeping his children submissive, 5 for if someone does not know how to manage his own household, how will he care for God’s church?
Maybe that’s a big part of the problem!
But, in fairness:
1 Corinthians 7:8 ESV
8 To the unmarried and the widows I say that it is good for them to remain single, as I am.
(He had just said:)
1 Corinthians 7:6 ESV
6 Now as a concession, not a command, I say this.
But then he says:
1 Corinthians 7:9 ESV
9 But if they cannot exercise self-control, they should marry...
Being single isn’t inherently wrong...
But that’s not what the Confession is saying.
Remember what it said about these:

Roman Catholic monastical vows . . . are by no means

It’s one thing to choose celibacy...
...because you think God is calling you to that.
It’s quite another to...
...arbitrarily bind yourself to that forever...
By making a vow to God!
Don’t do that
It’s very serious.
-Let’s read on:
What could be wrong with that?
1 Timothy 4:3 ESV
3 who forbid marriage and require abstinence from foods that God created to be received with thanksgiving by those who believe and know the truth.
Ephesians 4:28 ESV
28 Let the thief no longer steal, but rather let him labor, doing honest work with his own hands, so that he may have something to share with anyone in need.
Colossians 2:20–23 ESV
20 If with Christ you died to the elemental spirits of the world, why, as if you were still alive in the world, do you submit to regulations— 21 “Do not handle, Do not taste, Do not touch” 22 (referring to things that all perish as they are used)—according to human precepts and teachings? 23 These have indeed an appearance of wisdom in promoting self-made religion and asceticism and severity to the body, but they are of no value in stopping the indulgence of the flesh.
Again:

Roman Catholic monastical vows . . . are by no means

-Finally:
Monastic living is antithetical to the Christian Mission:
Matthew 5:14–16 ESV
14 “You are the light of the world. A city set on a hill cannot be hidden. 15 Nor do people light a lamp and put it under a basket, but on a stand, and it gives light to all in the house. 16 In the same way, let your light shine before others, so that they may see your good works and give glory to your Father who is in heaven.
Matthew 28:19 ESV
19 Go therefore and make disciples of all nations...
You can’t do that from...
...behind the walls of a monastery.
You Just can’t.
-Remember the thesis:
Any Questions?
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