Sunday School May 2, 2026

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Speak Boldly about Christ

Acts 4: 1-3, 8-12, 19-20

Why are the Sadducees Upset
The Sadducees became upset because Peter and John were teaching people and proclaiming that Jesus had risen from the dead. (Acts 4:1–3) However, their frustration operated on multiple levels.
What happened to Peter & John
Peter and John were arrested by the priests, temple captain, and Sadducees while teaching the people about Jesus’s resurrection, and were held in custody overnight. (Acts 4) The next day, the Jewish council—including the high priest Annas and Caiaphas—questioned them about the source of their power, and Peter, empowered by the Holy Spirit, declared that a disabled man had been healed through Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom they had crucified but whom God raised from the dead. (Acts 4)
The council members were astonished by Peter and John’s boldness, recognizing them as uneducated and ordinary men who had been with Jesus. (Acts 4) Since the healed man stood before them, they had no grounds to refute what had occurred. (Acts 4) According to Jewish law, the Sanhedrin determined the apostles were unschooled and issued them a legal warning to cease speaking in Jesus’s name.1
The underlying tension centered on theological disagreement. The Sadducees, who rejected belief in resurrection, were particularly troubled because the apostles proclaimed a resurrection through Jesus—an event the Pharisees understood as eschatological, belonging only to the end of time, not the present.2 Despite the opposition, the number of believers grew from three thousand to approximately five thousand.2
1Kenneth L. Barker, Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Abridged Edition: New Testament) (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1994), 402.
2Richard P. Lehmann, “Acts,” in Andrews Bible Commentary: New Testament, ed. Ángel Manuel Rodríguez (Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University Press, 2022), 1480.
Persecution
Acts 4 marks the beginning of persecution against believers1, establishing patterns that would characterize the early Christian movement. Religious authorities—priests, the temple captain, and Sadducees—arrested Peter and John because they were disturbed by the apostles’ teaching about Jesus and the resurrection (Acts 4:1–3).
The chapter reveals how believers responded to opposition. The council threatened the apostles and commanded them to stop speaking in Jesus’s name (Acts 4:17–21), but Peter and John refused, arguing that obedience to God superseded human authority and declaring they could not help but speak of what they had witnessed (Acts 4:17–21). Rather than capitulating to fear, the apostles prayed for boldness to proclaim God’s word, and after prayer they were filled with the Holy Spirit and spoke with confidence (Acts 4:29–31).
Just as Jesus’s initial reception in Nazareth led to persecution, so Peter’s successful proclamation ultimately resulted in opposition2. Yet persecution emerges as a major theme in Acts, inseparable from gospel expansion and sometimes accompanied by joy2. The apostles’ suffering validated their calling, mirroring Jesus’s own experience2.
Significantly, the council released Peter and John after further threats, unable to punish them because the people glorified God for the healing that had occurred (Acts 4:17–21). This demonstrates that opposition did not silence the message or halt the movement’s growth. Luke presents persecution as characteristic of Christian life2, establishing a theological framework where suffering becomes expected rather than anomalous.
BOLDNESS
Christian boldness emerges from the Acts 4 account not as reckless defiance but as Spirit-empowered conviction rooted in divine presence. When Peter addresses the Sanhedrin, he speaks “filled with the Holy Ghost,” establishing that authentic boldness flows from spiritual enablement rather than personal courage. This transforms the disciples’ confidence into something qualitatively different from human bravado.
The boldness manifests in several concrete ways. The council observes that Peter and John are “unlearned and ignorant men,” (Acts 4:1–22) yet they speak with such conviction that their observers “took knowledge of them, that they had been with Jesus.” (Acts 4:1–22) The apostles’ authority derives not from credentials or social standing but from intimate association with Christ. More provocatively, they boldly identify the Sanhedrin’s part in Jesus’s death, ‘whom you (emphatic) crucified,’1 directly confronting their judges with their complicity—a move that reverses the power dynamic of the trial itself.
Crucially, their boldness stems from a sense of compulsion to speak and flows from being filled with the Spirit,1 suggesting that Christian boldness isn’t manufactured willpower but obedience to divine constraint. When commanded to stop teaching, Peter and the apostles respond, “We ought to obey God rather than men,” (Acts 5:17–42) establishing a hierarchy of allegiance that supersedes earthly authority.
1 And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them,
The Acts of the Apostles 4:1–12. First Arrest of the Apostles. Their Hearing and Defence

1. And as they spake unto the people] The movements of the Apostles had by this time become an object of concern to the authorities in Jerusalem. See their complaint (5:28). There is no note of time at the beginning of chap. 3 to indicate what period had elapsed since Pentecost before the lame man was healed. But news soon spread in the city as we can learn from the events related in the previous chapter.

2 Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead.
The Acts of the Apostles 4:1–12. First Arrest of the Apostles. Their Hearing and Defence

2. being grieved] Better, being troubled. The word signifies thoroughly pained. It is used (16:18) of St Paul’s feeling when the “damsel possessed with a spirit of divination” cried after him at Philippi.

3 And they laid hands on them, and put them in hold unto the next day: for it was now eventide.
The Acts of the Apostles 4:1–12. First Arrest of the Apostles. Their Hearing and Defence

and put them in hold] i.e. in prison. The word means ward, safe keeping. And it is worth noticing on the use of it, that the Jews only employed imprisonment for this precautionary purpose. It was not a mode of punishment with them, and where we find mention of it so used in the Scripture records, the authorities who inflicted it were not Jewish.

The Acts of the Apostles 4:1–12. First Arrest of the Apostles. Their Hearing and Defence

unto the next day: for it was now eventide] The Jews were not allowed to give judgment in the night, and their day ceased with the twelfth hour. It was already about the ninth hour when Peter and John were going up to the Temple (3:1),

Acts 4:8–12 (KJV 1900)
8 Then Peter, filled with the Holy Ghost, said unto them, Ye rulers of the people, and elders of Israel,
The Acts of the Apostles 4:1–12. First Arrest of the Apostles. Their Hearing and Defence

8. Then Peter, filled with the Holy Ghost] The Spirit of God upon him had changed him “into another man.” Cf.

9 If we this day be examined of the good deed done to the impotent man, by what means he is made whole;
The Sanhedrin is actual worried more about the miracle and secondly concerned with Peter’s preaching
The Acts of the Apostles 4:1–12. First Arrest of the Apostles. Their Hearing and Defence

9. if we this day be examined of the good deed done to the impotent man] Both the nouns are without the article. Read “a good deed done to an impotent man.” Of = concerning, as we still use it in “to speak of.” St Peter’s words imply that perhaps there would be some other charge brought against them, for teachers of a new doctrine who had in a brief space gained five thousand followers must have attracted much notice in Jerusalem. Nor is it long before we hear (6:13) blasphemy “against the Temple and the law” laid to the charge of Stephen, whose preaching (for this accusation precedes Stephen’s defence) must have been of the same character as that of Peter and John.

10 Be it known unto you all, and to all the people of Israel, that by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom ye crucified, whom God raised from the dead, even by him doth this man stand here before you whole.
Peter is BOLD here. He is reminding that “they” Sanhedrin and “people” crucified Jesus. Also remind everyone about Barabbas
11 This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders, which is become the head of the corner.
Jesus here is the rejected stone: The Jews did not want him. However He is the Cornerstone of the Church
Especially important reminder to the crowd that the old rules are over and the new law and church is now
Another note: the corner is the most important of all stones

22  The stone which the builders refused

Is become the head stone of the corner.

The Acts of the Apostles 4:1–12. First Arrest of the Apostles. Their Hearing and Defence

11. This (i.e. Jesus) is the stone which was set at nought of you [the] builders] There is the definite article in the original. The council are fitly called the builders, for on them depended the whole religious and civil government of the people. St Peter, with his mind now enlightened to apply the Scriptures, uses the words of the Psalmist (118:22) as spoken prophetically of Christ. Christ had already (

The Acts of the Apostles 4:1–12. First Arrest of the Apostles. Their Hearing and Defence

which is become the head of the corner] Christ, now exalted into heaven, is no longer the despised, but has become the most important, stone in the new building of the Christian society, cp

12 Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved.
Peter is telling them that salvation is only through Christ. They have up to this point rejected Him. They have now heard the truth and what are they going to do with it
The Acts of the Apostles 4:1–12. First Arrest of the Apostles. Their Hearing and Defence

12. Neither is there salvation in any other] Rather, And our salvation is not in any other. The article with the noun (ἡ σωτηρία) seems thus better expressed. St Peter thus intimates that the cure of the lame man is only a sign of the power of salvation for the soul which was in Jesus. The people were to draw from the effect produced by “Arise and walk,” the conclusion that the same power could as surely give the greater blessing, “thy sins be forgiven thee

Acts 4:19–21 (KJV 1900)
19 But Peter and John answered and said unto them, Whether it be right in the sight of God to hearken unto you more than unto God, judge ye.
Peter and John are telling them that they choose to follow and share Jesus. They do not care about the religious authorities. The obey God!
Harken: listen to or give heed to
There really isn’t a choice here the disciples choose God
The Acts of the Apostles 13–22. The Apostles Are Dismissed Unpunished

19. Peter and John] Both alike express their determination to publish the news of Christ’s life and resurrection. The reason why both names are here mentioned may be that each was separately appealed to for a promise to desist. For an instance of like firmness in a good cause cp

20 For we cannot but speak the things which we have seen and heard.
There really isn’t a choice here the disciples choose God
Eyewitness testimony was acceptable to the courts
Good reason they are both there
Everything they are saying they witnessed. That puts the courts even more on notice.
The Acts of the Apostles 13–22. The Apostles Are Dismissed Unpunished

20. the things which we have seen and heard] Better, which we saw and heard. For their testimony related to the whole life of Jesus.

Prayer at the end of Acts 4
Acts 4:31 (KJV 1900)
31 And when they had prayed, the place was shaken where they were assembled together; and they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and they spake the word of God with boldness.
Discussions
Be bold about salvation (umbrella)
God gets credit and accepts rejection
Remind story one knows best
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