BASIC PARTS OF AN EXPOSITORY SERMON

BASIC PARTS OF AN EXPOSITORY SERMON

The list below is not what “must be included” in every expository sermon, but what is often included.

1. Opening statement

2. Historical background and context

2. Historical background and context

3. The text and possibly some of the greater near context

4. Second person plural noun proposition with a “so that” statement

5. Main points and sub-points of the sermon

• Observation

• Interpretation

• Interpretation

• Interpretation

• Doctrinal development (Cross References, Key Quotes)

• Doctrinal development (Cross References, Key Quotes)

• Illustration (All Throughout Sermon)

• Illustration (All Throughout Sermon)

• Application

• Application

6. Conclusion of the sermon

➢ ALWAYS START WITH AN EXEGETICAL OUTLINE OF THE TEXT

1. To have an expository sermon the outline must in some way be derived from an accurate understanding of information gleaned from the text of Scripture to be preached. (Remember this is a step by step overview and other resources may be needed to help you make it through the process.)

2. Sometimes a sermon outline might be derived from the sentence structure and grammar of a text, this is referred to as a syntactical outline. Syntactical outlines work best when preaching propositional (epistle-like truth) from smaller texts.

3. Other times, outlines may be derived from themes or key words found in different parts of the text being preached. This is called a thematic or synthetic outline. A synthetic outline often works best from medium to larger sized texts.

4. Other times outlines can be derived from blocks of related information, like different movements in a story. This usually works well when preaching larger sections of narrative and is referred to as a block outline or an outline based on a block diagram of the text.

5. At other times an artificial doctrinal outline might be constructed from an accurate interpretation of a doctrine found in a text. Upon discovering a doctrine in the text, you expound upon that doctrine in greater detail, creating an artificial outline to organize what the Bible says about that doctrine, its meaning, importance, and application. If your text is very small, just a word or small phrase, you won’t have enough grammar to construct a syntactical outline. You need to accurately interpret the phrase in its context and then create an artificial outline based on the interpretation and meaning of the text. Thus, an artificial outline may be used as long as it is derived from the meaning of doctrine found in the text of Scripture being preached.

6. Make your outline points personal and concrete, not abstract and impersonal.

7. Include in each outline point second person “you” or “your,” a command, or an all-inclusive statement “everyone,” “all who,” “whosoever,” etc. The reason for doing this is it makes your entire sermon into application, not just the few suggestions you might insert at the end.

❖ Example of an abstract, impersonal outline for :

I. IT IS LIVING II. IT IS ACTIVE III. IT IS SHARP IV. IT IS PIERCING V. IT JUDGES Notice how the points in the outline are dry, not personal, and very abstract. You can’t even tell what is being talked about from the outline.

❖ Example of a concrete, personal outline for :

I. YOUR BIBLE IS LIVING II. YOUR BIBLE IS ACTIVE III. YOUR BIBLE IS SHARP IV. YOUR BIBLE IS PIERCING V. YOUR BIBLE IS ABLE TO JUDGE

Notice how this outline is personal and concrete. You know each point is talking about the Bible and not just any Bible, but the Bible your listeners own, read, and study!

➢ WRITE A PROPOSITIONAL STATEMENT

1. Once an outline is constructed, then a propositional statement can be written. A propositional statement summarizes the main points of the sermon into a single sentence. Propositional statements are not a necessary part of an expository sermon, but they are helpful in letting your hearers understand, in a concise way, the content and purpose of the sermon they are about to hear. It helps them orient their minds to what you are going teach them from the text you are preaching from. Think of a proposition as a single sentence summary of the entire sermon and its main outline points. I like to include the features below in my propositional statements.

2. I usually create a plural noun proposition. I tell them the number of points in the sermon outline and use a noun (person, place, or thing) to describe the outline points. Examples:

I. “three keys . . .”

II. “four steps . . .”

III. “two warnings . . .”

3. I usually include second person, “you,” or “your,” or a command (because all commands imply second person address), or I include all-inclusive words e.g., “everyone” or “anyone” or “whosoever,” etc. in my propositions. I do this because I want my hearers to know that everything in the sermon is for them, not just the application that may appear at the end. Examples: I. From (your text) I want to show you [second person] four ingredients [there is the plural noun] needed to … II. In (your text) you [second person] will see seven reasons [plural noun] to …

III. (Your text) teaches three ways [plural noun] you [second person] can pray in the will of God …

4. Finally, I include a “so that” or “in order that” purpose statement at the end of my proposition so people understand the reason for learning what you will be preaching from God’s Word. Examples:

I. Here in God gives you [second person] five steps [plural noun] you [second person again] must take in order [purpose statement] to receive and enjoy the benefits of God’s gracious gift of salvation. (Notice in this example the outline’s points themselves are not listed. I only tell them how many points there will be. This is what I usually do.)

II. From you [second person] will see that God requires men to submit to four aspects [plural noun] of prayer in public worship in order [purpose statement] to give Him glory. 1) You must submit to apostolic instruction, 2) You must submit to men leading the congregation in prayer, 3) You must submit to worshiping in holiness, and 4) You must submit without conflict. (Notice in this example I listed the entire outline points after the proposition.)

The two examples of propositional statements above are second person, plural noun propositions with a “so that” statement. This is how I like to my propositional statements because it lets the congregation know that the entire sermon is for them personally and that there is a reason for learning what they are about to hear. I usually place my propositional statement after reading the Scripture to be preached.

➢ INSERT THE TEXT TO BE ADDRESSED UNDER EACH POINT

Now that you have an outline, you need to include the portion of the text that fits under each outline point, unless it is an artificial outline used to explain doctrine found in the text. In the case of an artificial outline you would first show the doctrine in the text, then tell them you are going to give them an artificial outline to help them understand that doctrine. Your proposition would follow. However, normally you will have a syntactical, thematic, or block diagram based outline derived from the text itself. If so, include the portion of Scripture to be addressed under each outline point. If the text is larger you will need to break it down into smaller sections under each outline point. (Example given at the end of this paper.)

➢ CRAFT AN OPENING STATEMENT

Once you have an outline and proposition you can craft an opening statement. You don’t have to create an opening statement at this time. In fact, you can wait until the very end, after you finish everything else, so you can craft an opening statement that matches your sermon content exactly. The soonest you can create an opening statement is after the outline and proposition are completed. Opening statements are used to get people’s attention, to help them focus on what God is saying to them in the text you are preaching, or to create a need or desire to hear what you are about to preach from God’s Word. Opening statements can be stories, a hypothetical situation, something interesting you read, statistics, a parable, anything that is going to get people focused, listening intently, and wanting to know what God’s Word says in the text you are preaching. While opening statements are not a necessary, they are helpful if done well and serve the main idea of the text being preached.

➢ SUMMARIZE BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT

You can give background and context information before reading the text, before the outline and proposition, or after the first point of the sermon, or a little all the way through the sermon. I usually give background and context before reading the text at the very beginning of the sermon. Background and context tells people what kind of book you are studying, who wrote it, the situation of the author and his audience, the flow of context before and after, etc. You tell them whatever they need to know to help them understand the text accurately in the context in which it was written. When preaching a sermon (not to be confused with preparing a sermon) I usually follow this general sequence:

1. Opening statement 2. Historical background and context 3. Reading of the text 4. Propositional statement 5. First outline point which will include:

I. Observation of what the text says II. Interpretation of what the text means III. Illustration of what is meant IV. Application of the meaning (with illustrations)

V. Sometimes “how-to instruction” for putting the application into practice (with illustrations)

6. After every outline point has been treated as indicated above, then you need to write a conclusion designed to summarize the main points of the sermon and to press upon the congregation the need to obey the text.

➢ OBSERVATIONS, WORD STUDIES, AND INTERPRETATIONS

With the opening statement, proposition, outline, and text divided up under each point of the outline, I am now ready to make observations of what the text says, do word studies on key words, note any significant grammatical details, and make my preliminary interpretations of the text. The interpretation is what the original human author meant for his original audience to understand by what he wrote. I am not seeking at this point to understand what the text means to me or my congregation; that comes later. The interpretation is what the original author wanted his original audience to understand by what he wrote. Always interpret the text first before consulting any commentaries. The reason for interpreting the text first is so you are not biased by what you read in the commentaries. If you work at interpreting the text for yourself, you will often be encouraged that you found what the commentators found or even more than they found. It will also help you refine your observation skills over time as you will be able to contrast your interpretations and observations with solid biblical commentators.

➢ CHECK YOUR INTERPRETATION WITH SCHOLARLY RESOURCES

After you have gone through your entire sermon observing, doing word studies and making preliminary interpretations, then read as many good commentaries as you have the time and availability to read. Compare your interpretations with theirs. Insert any helpful information or quotes you find in your commentaries. Adjust your interpretation if necessary. Remember to consider the context, especially the near preceding context. Beware of any interpretations found in commentaries that the original author or audience could never have known or understood or interpretations which do not fit into the flow of the context.

➢ IDENTIFY TIMELESS PRINCIPLES

Once the text is understood, seek to identify timeless principles from the text which apply to any historical time and culture. This is called “principlizing the text.” You observe, interpret, and state the spiritual truth, doctrine, or principle derived from the meaning or interpretation of the text. Once you have gleaned the timeless principles from the text, it is very easy to get to the application of the text.

➢ STATE APPLICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

In some texts, you can save all the application for the end, but most of the time it is best to spread out the application all through the sermon and summarize it at the end in the conclusion. Application is nothing more than the principles brought down to practical “how to” examples. “So the text says we are not to be greedy, that is easy to say, but how can you, if you are struggling with greed and covetousness, overcome that sin? Here are four helpful things you can do to apply this text to your life today.” That is an example of a principle derived from the text, “don’t be greedy,” followed by some specific instruction on how to implement the principle found in the text. I believe application is very important, and so did Jesus and the authors of Scripture. Examples:

• “You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, and you shall not desire your neighbor’s house, his field or his male servant or his female servant, his ox or his donkey or anything that belongs to your neighbor ().” Notice Moses doesn’t merely say, “do not covet,” but gives examples of things not to covet. These examples are a “sampling” and not by any means comprehensive, but they help the listener have concrete “how to examples” of what it means not to covet. • “When you pray, you are not to be like the hypocrites; for they love to stand and pray in the synagogues and on the street corners so that they may be seen by men. Truly I say to you, they have their reward in full. “But you, when you pray, go into your inner room, close your door and pray to your Father who is in secret, and your Father who sees what is done in secret will reward you ().” Notice how Jesus teaches us to pray. He gives a negative example of how not to pray that is clear and concrete, and then He gives a positive example of how to pray. He helps His listeners gain a clear idea of how the truth He is preaching can be applied to real life situations.

Many preachers create guilt in their people through strong exhortation or by asking repeated rhetorical questions, yet they don’t give their people specific examples of how to relieve their guilt through application. Application of God’s Word, obedience to His truth, is one of the ways we overcome conviction of sin. If you neglect to give your congregation application, it often leads to exasperation, and eventually despair. There must be some place where Christians are taught how to apply what they are learning from the Word of God to their life. It can happen from the pulpit or in a one on one or small group setting, but it needs to happen so people are helped and shepherded to obey God’s Word.

There is a danger associated with giving application that must be avoided. Never confuse “examples of how a text might be obeyed” with biblical mandate. You might give examples of how to pray, but those examples aren’t Scripture, though they may be based on Scripture. You might give examples of how to parent children, but those examples must be stated as such, so people don’t get confused about what must be done with what might be done. One of the forms of legalism is elevating our personal convictions to the same authority as Scriptures ().

Thus, when giving application, make sure you distinguish between what must be done (biblical mandate) and examples of how the text might be applied.

➢ ILLUSTRATE TO MAKE EVERYTHING CLEAR AND UNDERSTANDABLE

If your congregation can’t understand what you are saying, then the sermon has failed even if it is accurately interpreted. There must be understanding and the best way to help people understand is to clearly explain, use words they understand, and illustrate what you are saying. Illustrations are stories, comparisons, cross references, or anything that helps make what is abstract, concrete and vivid in the minds of the congregation. The preacher can use comparison, metaphor, simile, write his own parables, or use contrast. There are many ways to make the text clear and simple. The goal is to make what you say vivid and clear in the minds of your hearers. Read the Sermon on the Mount sometime () and note that Jesus uses 56 metaphors or figures of speech in that sermon! Also, notice His vivid examples, applications, references to concrete experience, simple words, etc. Everything Jesus says is simple and easy to understand.

➢ MAKE SURE YOUR SERMON HAS SMOOTH TRANSITIONS FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER

Transitions are the in-between-statements which connect the sermon together and help it flow smoothly from one part to another. They can be done in many ways. Your job is to make your sermon seamless and smooth, flowing naturally from one point to another, one principle to another, one thought to another, so that your hearers can follow you and not say to themselves, “What is he talking about?” or “How did he get here?” If you don’t have good transitions, people will hear you speaking, but not be able to follow your train of thought. Examples:

1. Asking a question that will be answered by the next point or section is a very common way to transition. “You realize you are hanging out with unbelievers who are bad company. Why is that a problem? This brings us to our next point where Paul addresses why we should avoid bad company.”

2. Cause them to think or imagine something. “Imagine being one of the Israelites in the wilderness. Imagine the fear and anxiety of leaving Egypt. What would you be thinking? You would probably want to go back to Egypt too, right? God knows this and that is why He says what He does in the next verse, look there.”

3. Summarize and move on. “We have seen that Paul asks us to not worry, but to pray, and to pray about all things. He then gives us the promised effect of what we should expect if we pray about all things, which brings us to our fourth point.”

4. Hit them with a word picture or illustration. “When I garden, I have to pull up a certain kind of weed called spurge. Spurge is tough, doesn’t need much water to survive, and can even grow in the tiny cracks of a concrete sidewalk. It has a large tap root that digs itself deep into the ground. The tap root is what allows the weed to survive as it can access the moisture in the soil below the concrete. If you chop off the top of the plant but don’t get the tap root, spurge grows back. Well, this is how it is with certain besetting sins in our life. We may casually confess them, but confession is often like chopping off the top part of spurge. Unless we get to the root issue of the sin, that particular sin will often come back and sometimes come back stronger than before. Paul tells us about the tap root and how to dig it out in the next verse.”

5. Tell them what’s coming and how it relates to what you just said. “In the next verse, we are going to see the reason for praying, look at vs. 8.”

Transitions can be done in many ways and are important because they connect the sermon into a cohesive whole that has an understandable flow. They help your listeners follow along and not get lost in a jungle of verbal undergrowth.

➢ CONCLUDE

When you conclude, you are summarizing the main principles and applications discovered in the text. Usually you give a call to obey or apply what was learned e.g., “So from this text you have learned 1) ...; 2) ...; 3) .... These three things are God’s will for you. When you leave here today are you going to apply these things in your life or not?” Or, “We have learned that God wants all of us to ...,” Will you strive to obey God in these areas? James says the one who knows the right thing to do and does not do it, to him it is sin. Apply these things to your life.” When you conclude, draw a verbal line in the sand and have your hearers mentally choose which side of that line they will be on.

➢ EXAMPLE SERMON CONSTRUCTION FROM

1. First outline the text. You need to have some understanding of grammar to do this. Bare minimum you need these three principles of grammar: • You must find in the text the thing being talked about (called the subject, which is a person, place, or thing). The subject in is “The Word of God.” • You must find in the text what the thing being talked about (the subject) is, or is doing (called the main verb). The main verb in is “is.” “The Word of God is . . .”

• Finally, you need to realize that everything else in the sentence talks about one of the two things above. That is your simplified grammar crash course.

2. Below is the text of . Following the text is a visual breakdown of the text into its grammatical parts so you can see what is talking about what.

➢ Sermon Title:

“WHY YOU SHOULD USE YOUR BIBLE TO EVANGELIZE THE LOST”

➢ Sermon outline:

I. YOUR BIBLE IS LIVING II. YOUR BIBLE IS ACTIVE III. YOUR BIBLE IS SHARP IV. YOUR BIBLE IS PIERCING V. YOUR BIBLE IS ABLE TO JUDGE

Notice how the sermon title contains second person, is concrete, and relates to the meaning of in its context. The sermon title serves the meaning of the text.

Notice that each outline point contains second person, is concrete, and specific. Everyone will know this entire sermon is about them and their Bible.

Notice how each outline point is derived from one of the five descriptions of the Word of God in the text. The outline serves the Word of God.

Notice the subject is “the Word of God,” the main verb “is,” and everything else in the verse tells us specifically what the Word of God is.

1. Second, create a propositional statement

Example: “From you will learn five attributes of God’s Word that will help you understand why the Word of God is the only sufficient resource to evangelize the lost so that you do not waste your time on methods and techniques that do not work.”

(Notice the three second person “you’s”, the plural noun “five attributes,” and the “so that” purpose statement. These are all helpful parts of a proposition.)

2. Third, divide the text up under your outline points

I. YOUR BIBLE IS LIVING

Look at , and notice how the verse begins, “For.” (This is where I would show how the word “for” connects vs. 12 with the preceding context, what the preceding context is saying, and why vs. 12 is being given. In this particular text, it is critical to understand the warning sections in the book of Hebrews, who they are addressed to, and their purpose. It is also important to understand the line of reasoning leading up to vs. 12, which happens to be complex, but once grasped, makes the meaning of vs. 12 clear.)

Look at the beginning of vs. 12 again, where we encounter the subject of what is being discussed, the Word of God. (At this point I could preach an entire series, but I will explain to them what the Word of God is and how it came into being.)

And what about the Word of God? Why is it mentioned? The author of Hebrews is telling us what the Word of God “is.” He is describing its attributes, qualities, and uniqueness among all other books in the world. The first attribute of the Word of God mentioned, look at the verse, is that it is living. (At this point I would need to do a word study, interpret, and illustrate how the Word of God is living, using cross references and whatever else will show God’s Word is living.)

But not only is the Word of God living. . . (this is a transition statement from point 1 to point 2).

II. YOUR BIBLE IS ACTIVE

Look at the text again, where we read the Word of God is living and active. (Again, word studies, interpretation, illustration are in order, followed by a transition to the next point.)

III. YOUR BIBLE IS SHARP

Look at the text again, where you will see that the third attribute mentioned by the author of Hebrews is that the Bible is sharper than any two-edged

sword. (Again, like above, word studies, interpretation, illustration are in order, followed by a transition to the next point.)

The main quality mentioned is “sharper” also tells us the degree to which it is sharp; sharper “than any two-edged sword.” “Than any two-edged sword” modifies or speaks about “sharper,” and “sharper” speaks about what the Word of God is.

IV. YOUR BIBLE IS PIERCING

Look again at the text. Notice that the fourth attribute of God’s Word is that it is piercing. (Again, word studies, interpretation, illustration are in order, followed by a transition to the next point.)

And notice that the author of Hebrews gives us four examples of how the Word of God can pierce or penetrate. Look at the text, he says it pierces, as far as the division of soul and spirit, (I would take these two together since they are synonyms and emphasize that the soul and spirit are spiritual realities of our being, and yet, the Word of God is able to penetrate even into the spiritual realm. Again, word studies, interpretation, illustration are in order, followed by a transition to the next point.) Look at the text again and also notice that the Word of God can pierce even as far as the division of both joints and marrow. (I would explain these are physical parts of our being and that they are included because bones are in the center of our bodies and marrow is located in the center of the bones. This is to illustrate that the Word of God can pierce or penetrate into the deepest parts of our being.)

Finally, we are given a fifth attribute of the Word of God. (A transition statement from the fourth to the fifth point.)

V. YOUR BIBLE IS ABLE TO JUDGE

Look at vs. 12 once again and notice the Word of God is also able to judge (Again, word studies, interpretation, illustration are in order, followed by a transition to the next point.)

And notice what the Word of God is able to judge, the thoughts and intentions of the heart. (Again, word studies, interpretation, illustration are in order, followed by a transition to the conclusion.)

By the time you complete the above, you will have a significant amount of information. It may not be very smooth, well illustrated or organized yet, but that is okay because you will go through the sermon several times to refine it.

3. Fourth, craft an opening statement – You can do this at any time, but I usually wait until I have gone through the sermon so I can create an opening statement that is answered by the main point of the text. In this case we are showing why we need to use the Word of God in evangelism and so I will probably create an opening statement that shows why people are hopelessly lost without the Word of God and the failure of any other means than the Word of God to bring sinners to repentance and faith in Jesus Christ.

4. Fifth, summarize background and context – since is the conclusion to a warning section, I will do my best to state in as few words as possible the complex line of reasoning leading up to vs. 12, showing how vs. 12 relates to the proceeding context.

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5. Sixth, make observations, do word studies, make interpretations – we have already noted above that this must be done as key words are encountered in the text.

6. Seventh, read commentaries and check scholarly resources – at this point you would read commentaries and include any helpful information you find in your sermon, and possibly modify word studies and interpretations if necessary.

7. Eight, identify timeless truths and principles – once you are convinced of the meaning of the text as a whole and its parts, you can look at each point and ask the all-important question, “So what?” You are looking for the purpose or significance for knowing the various attributes and qualities of the Word of God especially in relationship to evangelism. In this text, it is easy because regardless of time, culture, place, people, the Word of God is always living, active, sharper, piercing, and able to judge.

8. Ninth, make application and/or implementation – it is here that you would explain or illustrate how the Word of God should be put into use in real life evangelism. Maybe tell stories of sharing the gospel, of people coming to Christ, of people rejecting the Word of God and explain that even though people might reject the gospel, it doesn’t mean the Word of God isn’t living, active, sharper, piercing and able to judge. Seek to put yourself into their shoes, their experiences, their fears and frustrations. Anticipate their objections, raise and answer them in your sermon.

9. Tenth, illustrate everything that isn’t simple and clear – I like to go through my sermon towards the end and look to see if everything is clearly illustrated and explained. I want people to be able to “see” what I am saying in their mind.

10. Eleventh, make sure you have smooth transitions throughout the sermon – just because the text is familiar to you does not mean that it is familiar to everyone else. Make sure you hold their hand from point to point, observation to observation. Make the study of the text an exciting investigation of the truth and the meaning of the text, showing its practical application to life.

11. Twelfth, conclude, summarize main points, exhort people to take action on what was learned from the text – since the entire sermon () is about the attributes and sufficiency of the Word of God to bring sinners to repentance, you can make some general statements about the need for every believer to regularly share the gospel with those who don’t know Christ. Force them to choose in their mind if they are going to obey the Word of God or not, use the Word of God in evangelism or not.

about the attributes and sufficiency of the Word of God to bring sinners to repentance, you can make some general statements about the need for every believer to regularly share the gospel with those who don’t know Christ. Force them to choose in their mind if they are going to obey the Word of God or not, use the Word of God in evangelism or not.

➢ PROGRESSION OF A FINISHED EXPOSITORY SERMON

I usually go over my sermon 5 or 6 times before it is refined. I do my outline, proposition, word studies, initial interpretations, and then read through and smooth out what I have. I then read a lot of commentaries and insert any helpful information and smooth out the text again. Usually the sermon is way too long at this point. I cut things out, good things, important things, but things that do not serve the text and its meaning. I go over it again looking for clarity, inserting cross references, adding illustrations, cutting and condensing material until at last I have this:

1. Opener/Introduction is used to get people’s attention, to help them focus on what they need to learn, or to create a need in them or desire to hear what you are going to say. This can be a story, a hypothetical situation, something interesting you read, statistics, anything that is going to get people focused so they can hear the real meat of the Word of God.

2. Background and context are often used to orient the listeners to the text. You tell them what kind of book you are studying, the kind of literature, who wrote it, the situation of the author and/or their audience. You tell them whatever they need to know to help them understand the text, author, audience, and historical situation. This should not be confused with the opening statement or introduction.

3. Read the text and give a proposition. The proposition is a summary of what you are going to tell them in your sermon, lesson, or Bible study e.g., “Today, you will learn five principles for how to grow in godliness from this text so that your life gives glory to God.” This helps people prepare to receive what God has for them in the text. Now you are ready to get into your outline and take them through the text.

4. State what the passage says, be specific e.g., “look at vs. 9" (if you are in your main text or if you want them to look at a cross reference then say, “turn in your bibles to " (repetition is helpful as people often forget the reference when they are trying to find it). Then read the passage or portion of the passage. If it is a cross reference, quote one line of context.

5. Interpret or make comments about the meaning of the passage that bring out the author’s intended meaning and why you read it (if it is a cross ref.). Point to key words like “notice what Paul told them in the middle of verse....” or “he uses the word ... to emphasize ...”. You don’t have to comment on everything, just those things you want to emphasize and that make the text easy to understand.

6. Principles then can be drawn from the text e.g., “what Jesus is trying to teach here is. . .” Or “what do you think Jesus is trying to teach here” or an introductory question before the principles, but after the reading and interpretation e.g., “Have you ever been in a situation where you knew you should have done the God honoring thing, but chose to do what was easy or selfish . . .” Then point them back to the text and say, “Isn’t this what Jesus is trying to teach us here? He says ... and this teaches us...”

7. Then the application. In some texts, you can save all the application for the end, but most of the time I think it is good to spread it out as you encounter the principles in the text. Application is nothing more than the principles brought down to practical “how to apply the text” statements. “So we are not to be greedy, that is easy to say, but how can you, if you are struggling with greed and covetousness, overcome those sins? Here are four helpful things you can apply to your life. . .” And if you want to press it, probably to be done in the quiet time exercises, “make plans for how you are going to apply what we have learned from the Word of God in your life.” If you create guilt and conviction in your audience, give them a way out, a way of obedience, examples of how to apply the text and relieve their guilt.

8. Conclude. When you conclude, you are summarizing the main principles and applications discovered in the text. Usually you give a call to obey or apply what was learned e.g., “So from this text you have learned 1) ...; 2) ...; 3) .... These three things are God’s will for you. When you leave here today I hope you make a commitment in your heart to apply these things in your life.” Or, “God wants you to ..., God wants you to ..., and God wants you to...” Will you do this? Will you obey God?