The Shame of the Cross
SHAME Feelings associated with (but not limited to) failure, public exposure, disgrace, embarrassment, social rejection, ridicule, and dishonor.
Guilt Culture
Fear Culture
Shame Culture
During World War II, many Western persons—many Americans had a hard time understanding why 18-year-old Japanese boys would fly kamikaze runs and dive-bomb planes into our aircraft carriers and destroy their lives. Well, the reason is because honoring the motherland and the cause of the emperor was more important to them than life and death. Honor and shame was more important than life and death. We have a hard time grasping that, but it’s very clear that this document reflects that kind of belief in the importance of honor and avoiding shame, especially in avoiding shame.
The Shame of the Cross
Western culture today is largely not an honor and shame culture, but in the hierarchy of ethical values in the ancient Near East and in the Jewish world, honor and shame were right at the top of the value hierarchy, as high up there as even ‘truth’ as opposed to ‘error’ was. Ancient Near Eastern people would rather die than be publicly shamed, and indeed they were prepared to die for the honor of their kin group or their tribe or their people or their faith. It’s an honor and shame culture.
The Shame of the Cross
1. Crucifixion was considered the appropriate punishment for slaves (Cicero, In Verrem 2.5.168), bandits (Jos. War 2.253), prisoners of war (Jos. War 5.451) and revolutionaries (Jos. Ant. 17:295; see Hengel 1977:46–63).
2. Public trials (“misera est ignominia iudicorum publicorum,” Cicero, Pro Rabinio 9–17) served as status degradation rituals, which labelled the accused as a shameful person.
3. Flogging and torture, especially the blinding of eyes and the shedding of blood, generally accompanied the sentence (Jos. War 5.449–51 & 3.321; Livy 22.13.19; 28.37.3; Seneca, On Anger 3.6; Philo, Flac. 72; Diod. Sic. 33.15.1; Plato, Gorgias 473bc & Republic 2.362e). Since, according to m. Mak. 3.12, scourging was done both to the front and back of the body, the victims were nude; often they befouled themselves with urine or excrement (3.14).
4. The condemned were forced to carry the cross beam (Plutarch, Delay 554B).
5. The victim’s property, normally clothing, was confiscated; hence they were further shamed by being denuded (see Diod. Sic. 33.15.1).
6. The victim lost power and thus honor through pinioning of hands and arms, especially the mutilation of being nailed to the cross (Philo, Post. 61; Somn. 2.213).
7. Executions served as crude forms of public entertainment, where the crowds ridiculed and mocked the victims (Philo, Sp. Leg. 3.160), who were sometimes affixed to crosses in an odd and whimsical manner, including impalement (Seneca: Consol. ad Marciam 20.3; Josephus, War 5.451).
8. Death by crucifixion was often slow and protracted. The powerless victim suffered bodily distortions, loss of bodily control, and enlargement of the penis (Steinberg 1983:82–108). Ultimately they were deprived of life and thus the possibility of gaining satisfaction or vengeance.
9. In many cases, victims were denied honorable burial; corpses were left on display and devoured by carrion birds and scavenger animals (Pliny, H. N. 36. 107–108).