Give Honor to My Name, Says the Lord of Hosts

1 2 THE ROMAN EMPEROR JULIUS CAESAR • FAMOUSLY SAID; “I CAME, I SAW, I CONQUERED.” • APPROXIMATELY 1700 YEARS LATER • THE KING OF POLAND FREED THE CITY OF VIENNA FROM TURKISH OCCUPATION 3 • WHEN HE ANNOUNCED THE VICTORY • HE PARAPHRASED CAESAR, SAYING. “I CAME, I SAW, GOD CONQUERED.” • ONE OF THESE MEN TOOK THE HONOR AND GLORY FOR HIMSELF • ONE GAVE THE HONOR AND GLORY TO GOD (PAUSE) • HONOR IS AN INTERESTING THING 4 • WE EITHER GIVE IT TO GOD OR WE TAKE IT FOR OURSELVES • THERE IS MIDDLE GROUND (PAUSE) • AS CHRISTIANS WE NEED TO MAKE SURE WE GIVE GOD THE HONOR • HE IS WORTHY OF ALL HONOR AND PRAISE 5 • TODAY WE ARE GOING TO LOOK AT THE 2ND CHAPTER OF MALACHI • IN IT GOD POINTS OUT THE FAILURE OF THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL • TO GIVE GOD THE HONOR HE IS DUE (PAUSE) • TURN TO MALACHI 2:1 6 • IN CHAPTER ONE GOD HAD SAID HE WAS DISPLEASED BY THEIR SACRIFICES • THEY WERE DISRESPECTING GOD BY NOT GIVING THEIR BEST • THEY HAD A BAD ATTITUDE ABOUT SERVICE TO GOD • NOW GOD IS GOING TO INSTRUCT THEM ABOUT HONORING GOD MALACHI 2:1–7 7 “AND NOW THIS COMMANDMENT IS FOR YOU, O PRIESTS. “IF YOU DO NOT LISTEN, AND IF YOU DO NOT TAKE IT TO HEART TO GIVE HONOR TO MY NAME,” SAYS THE LORD OF HOSTS, “THEN I WILL SEND THE CURSE UPON YOU AND I WILL CURSE YOUR BLESSINGS; 8 AND INDEED, I HAVE CURSED THEM ALREADY, BECAUSE YOU ARE NOT TAKING IT TO HEART. “BEHOLD, I AM GOING TO REBUKE YOUR OFFSPRING, AND I WILL SPREAD REFUSE ON YOUR FACES, THE REFUSE OF YOUR FEASTS; AND YOU WILL BE TAKEN AWAY WITH IT. 9 “THEN YOU WILL KNOW THAT I HAVE SENT THIS COMMANDMENT TO YOU, THAT MY COVENANT MAY CONTINUE WITH LEVI,” SAYS THE LORD OF HOSTS. “MY COVENANT WITH HIM WAS ONE OF LIFE AND PEACE, AND I GAVE THEM TO HIM AS AN OBJECT OF REVERENCE; 10 SO HE REVERED ME AND STOOD IN AWE OF MY NAME. “TRUE INSTRUCTION WAS IN HIS MOUTH AND UNRIGHTEOUSNESS WAS NOT FOUND ON HIS LIPS; HE WALKED WITH ME IN PEACE AND UPRIGHTNESS, AND HE TURNED MANY BACK FROM INIQUITY. 11 FOR THE LIPS OF A PRIEST SHOULD PRESERVE KNOWLEDGE, AND MEN SHOULD SEEK INSTRUCTION FROM HIS MOUTH; FOR HE IS THE MESSENGER OF THE LORD OF HOSTS. HONOR TO HIS NAME • GOD GIVES THEM A COMMAND • “GIVE HONOR TO MY NAME” • THEY ARE TO TAKE THIS COMMAND TO HEART 12 13 • TO LIVE IT OUT IN THEIR LIVES (PAUSE) • TO HONOR SOMEONE’S NAME IS TO HONOR EVERYTHING ABOUT THEM • THIS INSTRUCTION IS GIVEN BECAUSE • THEY HAD FAILED UTTERLY IN THEIR SACRIFICES • THEY WERE DISHONORING AND DISRESPECTING GOD • THEY WERE NOT FOLLOWING THE LAWS HE HAD GIVEN THEM • THE GREATEST COMMAND FROM GOD IS • LOVE THE LORD YOUR GOD WITH ALL YOUR HEART 14 15 • AND WITH ALL YOUR SOUL AND WITH ALL YOUR MIND • WHEN WE LOVE GOD THIS WAY WE WILL HONOR HIM • WE WILL HONOR HIM IN OUR SERVICE, • IN OUR PRAYER, IN OUR WORSHIP 16 • IF WE EVER FIND OUR SELVES NOT HONORING GOD • WE WILL KNOW WE HAVE STOPPED LOVING GOD (PAUSE) • FAILURE TO HONOR GOD HAS CONSEQUENCES • FOR THE PRIESTS OF MALACHI’S DAY THEY WERE VERY DIRE CONSEQUENCES CURSED ALREADY • THEY DID NOT TAKE THE COMMAND TO HEART • SO GOD SAYS • “I HAVE CURSED THEM ALREADY,” 17 18 • THE LAW ACTUALLY INCLUDED CURSES FOR THOSE WHO FAILED TO OBEY IT • THESE WERE SOME SERIOUS CURSES (PAUSE) • THEY AFFECT THE DESCENDENTS OF THE PRIESTS • “I AM GOING TO REBUKE YOUR OFFSPRING” • THE PRIESTS WOULD BE TAKEN AWAY • WHEN HE SAYS HE WILL SPREAD REFUSE ON THEM • HE IS TALKING ABOUT THE UNUSED PARTS OF • THE ANIMALS THAT WERE SACRIFICED THE ENTRAILS 19 • THESE WERE TAKEN OUT SIDE THE CITY AND BURNED • GOD TELLS THEM: • “AND YOU WILL BE TAKEN AWAY WITH IT.” • THIS MEANS THEY WILL BE REMOVED FROM JERUSALEM 20 21 • LIKE THE WASTE THAT IS NOT FIT TO SACRIFICE TO GOD • THAT IS PRETTY HARSH (PAUSE) • WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THESE PEOPLE WERE UNDER THE LAW • THEY RECEIVED BLESSINGS FOR FOLLOWING THOSE LAWS 22 • AND THEY RECEIVED CURSES FOR FAILING TO FOLLOW THOSE LAWS • WE ARE NOT UNDER THE LAW • BUT WE DO RECEIVE BLESSINGS FROM GOD FOR OBEDIENCE • WE RECEIVE A DIFFERENT KIND OF BLESSING 23 • WE RECEIVE A CLOSER WALK WITH GOD, THE PEACE OF GOD • WE RECEIVE ETERNAL REWARDS FOR OUR SERVICE AND OBEDIENCE • WE ALSO RECEIVE CURSES WHEN WE FAIL TO OBEY GOD • NOT CURSES FROM GOD ISRAEL RECEIVED UNDER THE LAW • WE RECEIVE THE CURSES OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF SIN • OUR FELLOW SHIP WITH GOD IS BROKEN (PAUSE) 24 25 • WE CAN SUFFER MATERIAL LOSS FROM OUR SIN • OR PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES FOR OUR SIN • ALL SIN HAS CONSEQUENCES 26 • THESE ARE NOT CURSES FROM GOD FOR FAILURE UNDER THE LAW • THEY ARE THE EFFECTS ON OUR LIVES FOR FAILURE TO OBEY GOD • THEY ARE CAUSED BY NOT LIVING THE WAY GOD CALLS US TO LIVE PURPOSE OF THE PRIEST • GOD HAD MADE A COVENANT TO ESTABLISH THE LEVITICAL PRIESTS • IN IT HE EXPLAINED WHAT THEY WERE TO DO • HOW THEY WERE TO LIVE 27 28 • GOD CALLS IT A COVENANT OF LIFE AND PEACE • GOD DESCRIBES HOW A PRIEST THAT FOLLOWED • THIS CONVENANT FONCTIONED 29 • “TRUE INSTRUCTION WAS IN HIS MOUTH AND UNRIGHTEOUSNESS WAS NOT FOUND ON HIS LIPS; HE WALKED WITH ME IN PEACE AND UPRIGHTNESS, AND HE TURNED MANY BACK FROM INIQUITY.” 30 • GOD GOES ON TO SAY THAT THE LIPS OF A PRIEST PRESERVE KNOWLEDGE • AND MEN SHOULD SEEK INSTRUCTION FROM HIM • THIS WAS ADDRESSED TO THE PRIESTS IN MALACHI’S DAY • SOME MIGHT LOOK AT THIS AND SAY IT APPLIES TO PASTORS TODAY • AND IT CERTAINLY DOES • ALL PASTORS SHOULD STRIVE TO LIVE UP TO WHAT GOD CALLS THESE PRIESTS TO • BUT WE SHOULD REMEMBER WE ARE ALL PRIESTS (PAUSE) 31 1 PETER 2:9 32 BUT YOU ARE A CHOSEN RACE, A ROYAL PRIESTHOOD, A HOLY NATION, A PEOPLE FOR GOD’S OWN POSSESSION, SO THAT YOU MAY PROCLAIM THE EXCELLENCIES OF HIM WHO HAS CALLED YOU OUT OF DARKNESS INTO HIS MARVELOUS LIGHT 33 • SINCE WE ARE ALL PRIESTS IN THE SERVICE OF GOD • WE NEED TO LOOK AT WHAT MALACHI SAID TO THE PRIESTS OF HIS DAY • WE ALL NEED TO SEEK TO WALK IN PEACE AND UPRIGHTNESS 34 • WE NEED TO PRESERVE KNOWLEDGE • WE NEED TO SEE TO IT THAT TRUE INSTRUCTION IS FOUND IN OUR SPEECH • WE NEED TO BE MESSENGER OF THE LORD OF HOSTS • WE NEED TO KNOW THERE WILL BE A CONSEQUENCE IF WE DO NOT MALACHI 2:8–12 35 “BUT AS FOR YOU, YOU HAVE TURNED ASIDE FROM THE WAY; YOU HAVE CAUSED MANY TO STUMBLE BY THE INSTRUCTION; YOU HAVE CORRUPTED THE COVENANT OF LEVI,” SAYS THE LORD OF HOSTS. 36 “SO I ALSO HAVE MADE YOU DESPISED AND ABASED BEFORE ALL THE PEOPLE, JUST AS YOU ARE NOT KEEPING MY WAYS BUT ARE SHOWING PARTIALITY IN THE INSTRUCTION. “DO WE NOT ALL HAVE ONE FATHER? HAS NOT ONE GOD CREATED US? 37 WHY DO WE DEAL TREACHEROUSLY EACH AGAINST HIS BROTHER SO AS TO PROFANE THE COVENANT OF OUR FATHERS? “JUDAH HAS DEALT TREACHEROUSLY, AND AN ABOMINATION HAS BEEN COMMITTED IN ISRAEL AND IN JERUSALEM; 38 FOR JUDAH HAS PROFANED THE SANCTUARY OF THE LORD WHICH HE LOVES AND HAS MARRIED THE DAUGHTER OF A FOREIGN GOD. 39 “AS FOR THE MAN WHO DOES THIS, MAY THE LORD CUT OFF FROM THE TENTS OF JACOB EVERYONE WHO AWAKES AND ANSWERS, OR WHO PRESENTS AN OFFERING TO THE LORD OF HOSTS. 40 FAILURE OF THE PRIESTS • BECAUSE THE PRIESTS HAD • “TURNED ASIDE FROM THE WAY” • THEY HAD “CAUSED MANY TO STUMBLE” 41 • INSTEAD OF GIVING TRUE INSTRUCTION • INSTEAD OF WALKING WITH GOD IN PEACE AND UPRIGHTNESS • THEY HAD TURNED ASIDE • THIS HAD CAUSED PEOPLE TO STUMBLE (PAUSE) • WHEN WE TURN FROM WALKING THE WAY GOD WANTS US TO WALK • WE CAN CAUSE OTHERS TO STUMBLE • GOD CALLS US TO WALK IN PEACE AND TRUTH • WE ARE CALLED TO BE A LIGHT TO THE WORLD 42 43 • WHEN WE FAIL TO LIVE AS GOD CALLS US TO LIVE • IT AFFECTS MORE THAN JUST US • IT AFFECTS OUR SPOUSE, OUR CHILDREN, GRANDCHILDREN 44 • IT AFFECTS OUR FRIENDS, OUR CO-WORKERS, OUR COMMUNITY • OUR FAILURE TO BE THE LIGHT CAN CAUSE OTHERS TO STUMBLE • WE NEED TO BE AWARE OF HOW WE ARE DEALING WITH OTHERS IN OUR WALK (PAUSE) DEALING TREACHEROUSLY 45 • THE PROPHET POINTS OUT THEY ALL HAVE ONE FATHER • MOST LIKELY THIS IS REFERRING TO ABRHAM • HE ALSO POINTS OUT GOD CREATED ALL OF THEM 46 • THEN HE ASKS THE QUESTION • “WHY DO WE DEAL TREACHEROUSLY EACH AGAINST HIS BROTHER? • SO HOW WERE THEY DEALING TREACHEROUSLY WITH EACH OTHER? • FROM THE TEXT WE SEE 47 • THEY WERE MARRYING WOMEN OF OTHER RELIGIONS • HOW IS THIS DEALING TREACHEROUSLY? • IN THAT CULTURE A MARRIAGE UNITED FAMILIES • THESE MEN THAT WERE TAKING FOREIGN WIVES • WERE SENDING AWAY… DIVORCING THEIR JEWISH WIVES • THESE MEN WERE INTICED BY THE IDEA OF A NEW WIFE • THEY DEALT TREACHEROUSLY BY DIVORCING THEIR JEWISH WIFE • FOR NO REASON OTHER THAN WANTING SOMEONE ELSE 48 49 • THIS AFFECTED WHOLE FAMILES THAT HAD BEEN JOINED BY THE MARRIAGE • WE SEE THIS IN OUR WORLD TODAY • DIVORCE AFFECTS MORE THAN JUST THE COUPLE • CERTAINLY, THE CHILDREN ARE AFFECTED 50 • BUT SO ARE THE EXTENDED FAMILIES • THERE ARE SITUATIONS WHERE DIVORCE IS NECESSARY (PAUSE) • BUT DIVORCING BECAUSE YOU WANT SOMETHING BETTER 51 • IS NOT A VALID REASON, MARRIAGE IS NOT LIKE BUYING A CAR • YOU CAN’T JUST TRADE UP WHEN YOU GET TIRED OF THE ONE YOU HAVE, THIS IS SELFISH! • THERE ARE ALWAYS CONSEQUENCES FOR BEHAVING SELFISHLY BEING CUT OFF 52 • GOD TELLS THEM ANYONE WHO DEALS TREACHEROUSLY • WITH HIS BROTHER WILL BE CUT OFF • GOD WILL NO LONGER ACCEPT THEIR OFFERING (PAUSE) 53 • FOR THEM BEING CUT OFF WAS THE WORST THING THAT COULD HAPPEN • IT WAS A PERMANENT REMOVAL FROM GOD AND HIS PEOPLE • WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THESE PEOPLE WERE UNDER THE LAW • FAILURE TO FOLLOW THE LAW HAD DIRE CONSEQUENCES 54 • WE ARE NOT UNDER THE LAW • WE DO FACE CONSEQUENCES FOR OUR SIN • BUT GOD HAS PROVIDED A MEANS TO RESTORE US WHEN WE ARE TEMPORARILY CUT OFF (PAUSE) 1 JOHN 1:9 55 IF WE CONFESS OUR SINS, HE IS FAITHFUL AND RIGHTEOUS TO FORGIVE US OUR SINS AND TO CLEANSE US FROM ALL UNRIGHTEOUSNESS. 56 • IF AN ISRAELITE WAS CUT OFF HE HAD NO WAY TO GET RIGHT • HE COULD NOT MAKE OFFERINGS AND SACRIFICES • WE ARE NEVER CUT OFF IN THAT WAY (PAUSE) • WE CAN ALWAYS CONFESS AND REPENT • HE WILL ALWAYS ACCEPT CONFESSION AND REPENTANCE FROM US 57 MALACHI 2:13–17 58 “THIS IS ANOTHER THING YOU DO: YOU COVER THE ALTAR OF THE LORD WITH TEARS, WITH WEEPING AND WITH GROANING, BECAUSE HE NO LONGER REGARDS THE OFFERING OR ACCEPTS IT WITH FAVOR FROM YOUR HAND. 59 “YET YOU SAY, ‘FOR WHAT REASON?’ BECAUSE THE LORD HAS BEEN A WITNESS BETWEEN YOU AND THE WIFE OF YOUR YOUTH, AGAINST WHOM YOU HAVE DEALT TREACHEROUSLY, THOUGH SHE IS YOUR COMPANION AND YOUR WIFE BY COVENANT. 60 “BUT NOT ONE HAS DONE SO WHO HAS A REMNANT OF THE SPIRIT. AND WHAT DID THAT ONE DO WHILE HE WAS SEEKING A GODLY OFFSPRING? TAKE HEED THEN TO YOUR SPIRIT, AND LET NO ONE DEAL TREACHEROUSLY AGAINST THE WIFE OF YOUR YOUTH. 61 “FOR I HATE DIVORCE,” SAYS THE LORD, THE GOD OF ISRAEL, “AND HIM WHO COVERS HIS GARMENT WITH WRONG,” SAYS THE LORD OF HOSTS. “SO TAKE HEED TO YOUR SPIRIT, THAT YOU DO NOT DEAL TREACHEROUSLY. 62 ” YOU HAVE WEARIED THE LORD WITH YOUR WORDS. YET YOU SAY, “HOW HAVE WE WEARIED HIM?” IN THAT YOU SAY, “EVERYONE WHO DOES EVIL IS GOOD IN THE SIGHT OF THE LORD, AND HE DELIGHTS IN THEM,” OR, “WHERE IS THE GOD OF JUSTICE?” GOD NOT LISTENING 63 • THE PEOPLE ARE WEEPING AND GROANING • BECAUSE GOD WILL NOT ACCEPT THEIR OFFERING • THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL WERE UTTERLY DEPENTENT ON GOD 64 • THEY WERE OPPRESSED BY THE PERSIAN GOVERNOR • THEIR CROPS WERE NOT DOING WELL • THEIR COUNTRY WAS A SHAMBLES • AND THEY FIND THEM SELVES NO LONGER RECEIVING GODS HELP 65 • I CAN UNDERSTAND WHY THEY WERE WEEPING AND GROANING • WE ARE JUST AS DEPENDENT ON GOD TODAY (PAUSE) • WE DON’T KNOW IT AS WELL AS THEY DID • IT IS NOT OBVIOUS TO MOST PEOPLE IN OUR COUNTRY • BUT TRUST ME WE ARE JUST AS DEPENDENT ON GOD’S HELP • GOD IS REJECTING THEIR OFFERING, THEIR SACRIFICES • MANY IN OUR COUNTRY ARE REJECTING GOD 66 67 • THOSE OF US THAT HAVE TRUSTED IN GOD • NEED TO BE PLEADING FOR HIS HELP NIGHT AND DAY • HE WILL HEAR US AND IN GRACE AND MERCY HE MAY HELP US • HE WOULD CERTAINLY HAVE GOOD REASON TO NOT HELP US WHY GOD REJECTED • THE PEOPLE ASK WHY GOD REJECTED THEIR OFFERING SAYING • “FOR WHAT REASON” • GOD ANSWERS SAYING HE HAS BEEN A WITNESS 68 69 • BETWEEN THEM AND THE WIFE OF THEIR YOUTH • GOD SAYS THEY HAVE DEALT TREACHEROUSLY • WITH THEIR WIFE BY COVENANT, THIS IS IMPORTANT • THE MARRIAGE COVENANT IS MADE BY GOD 70 • NOT JUST THE FIRST MARRIAGE BUT EVERY MARRIAGE • GOD DID NOT JUST MAKE THE COVENANT HE WAS PART OF IT • SO, THEY WERE NOT JUST DIVORCING THEIR WIFE THEY WERE (PAUSE) • DIVORCING GOD AS WELL 71 • GOD PROVIDES A REASON HE INSTITUTED MARRIAGE • “HE WAS SEEKING GODLY OFFSPRING” • THIS IS NOT THE ONLY REASON FOR MARRIAGE • BUT IT IS CERTAINLY AN IMPORTANT ONE • GOD SAYS; “I HATE DIVORCE” • NOTICE IT DOES NOT SAY • “I HATE PEOPLE THAT GET DIVORCED” • I AM NOT SAYING GOD LIKES ANY DIVORCE (PAUSE) 72 73 • BUT IN CONTEXT GOD IS NOT TALKING ABOUT JUST ANY DIVORCES • HE IS TALKING ABOUT THESE DIVORCES RIGHT HERE • WHERE MEN WERE VIOLATING THE MOSAIC LAW 74 • AND DIVORCING THEIR JEWISH WIVES • SO THEY COULD MARRY WOMEN WHO DID NOT FOLLOW GOD • GOD HATES THIS BECAUSE HE IS PART OF THE MARRIAGE COVENANT • WHICH WAS BEING DESTROYED WEARING GOD OUT 75 • THE PROPHET TELLS THE PEOPLE • “YOU HAVE WEARIED THE LORD WITH YOUR WORDS” • AND THE PEOPLE SAY “WE ARE SORRY WE HAVE WEARIED THE LORD” 76 • NO WAIT THAT IS NOT WHAT THEY SAY; • INSTEAD OF BEING SORRY THEY HAVE WEARIED THE LORD • THEY ASK; “HOW HAVE WE WEARIED HIM” • YOU WOULD THINK THEY WOULD HAVE CAUGHT ON BY NOW 77 • ASKING THAT KINDA QUESTION DOES NOT GO WELL (PAUSE) • THE PROPHET TELLS THEM THEY HAVE WEARIED GOD BY SAYING • “EVERYONE WHO DOES EVIL IS GOOD IN THE SIGHT OF THE LORD” • THEY WERE ALSO SAYING; “WHERE IS THE GOD OF JUSTICE.” 78 • IF GOD WAS WEARIED BY THEM SAYING THAT • JUST IMAGINE HOW HE FEELS ABOUT WHAT PEOPLE SAY TODAY (PAUSE) • I SAW A SHIRT THE OTHER DAY THAT SAID • “GOD IS JUST AN IMAGINARY FRIEND FOR ADULTS” 79 • WE HAVE PEOPLE SAYING GOD IS THE CREATOR OF EVIL • THAT HE DOES NOT EXIST • THAT ALL WARS ARE FOUGHT BECAUSE OF GOD • OUR WORLD IS FILLED WITH PEOPLE SAYING HORRIBLE THINGS ABOUT GOD 80 • WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT THIS? • WELL FOR ONE WE NEED TO STAND UP • AND SAY THE TRUTH ABOUT GOD (PAUSE) • ADDITIONALLY, I PERONALLY THINK I SHOULD 81 • DO MY BEST TO CONFRONT THOSE THAT SAY SUCH THINGS • I AM NOT SAYING IT IS GONNA DO ANY GOOD IN A PRACTICAL SENSE • I JUST FEEL I NEED TO SPEAK UP WHEN THEY LIE ABOUT MY GOD • I WILL LEAVE IT TO YOU TO DECIDE IF YOU SHOULD DO THE SAME • THAT IS BETWEEN YOU AND GOD CAESAR SAID; “I CAME, I SAW, I CONQUERED • HE TOOK ALL THE HONOR AND ALL THE GLORY FOR HIMSELF • WE HAVE TWO OPTIONS WHEN IT COMES TO HONOR • WE CAN GIVE OURSELVES THE HONOR (PAUSE) 82 83 • OR WE CAN GIVE THE HONOR TO GOD • HE DESERVES IT, WE CERTAINLY DON’T • GOD COMMANDED THE ISRAELITES TO HONOR HIS NAME • THEY FAILED TO TAKE THIS COMMAND TO HEART 84 • THEREFORE GOD TURNED THEIR BLESSINGS TO CURSES • WE ARE NOT UNDER THE LAW BUT WE DO FACES CONSEQUENCES • WHEN WE SIN BY FAILING TO HONOR GOD, BY FAILING TO LOVE GOD, WE FACE CONSEQUENCES. (PAUSE) • AS CHRISTIANS WE ARE ALL PRIESTS • WE ARE TO CONDUCT OUR SELVES IN WAYS THAT SERVE GOD (PAUSE) • PRESERVING HIS WORD 85 • GIVING TRUE INSTRUCTION • BEING MESSENGERS OF GOD • WE ARE TO TELL PEOPLE THERE IS A GOD WHO LOVES THEM • AND WANTS AN ETERNAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THEM • BUT WE ALL SIN… 86 87