RESOLVED TO HAVE GOD AS MY CHAIRMAN OF LIFE
THERE ARE 3 CHAIRS YOU CAN CHOOSE WITH GOD.
THERE ARE 3 RESPONSES YOU HAVE EACH TIME YOU ENCOUNTER GOD.
J uses forms of → kbd to describe “intransigence”; E and P use ḥzq qal for willful intransigence and ḥzq pi. for hardening of the heart through God’s agency (F. Hesse, Das Verstockungsproblem im AT [1955], 18f.). In Exod the obj. is always → lēb “heart” (cf. also Ezek 2:4, with adj.). Phrases with pānîm “face” (Jer 5:3 pi.) and mēṣaḥ “forehead” (Ezek 3:7–9, adj.) also occur in Jer and Ezek. This intransigence can more likely be explained from a salvation history perspective, as a “process in the universal, eschatologically oriented judgment of God” (J. Moltmann, RGG 6:1385), than as a theological aporia (the OT could not charge delusion to demonic powers) or as a religiopsychological principle (cf. von Rad, Theol. 2:151–55; E. Jenni, TZ 15 [1959]: 337–39
2085 קָשָׁה (qāšâ) I, be hard, severe.
Derivatives
2085a קָשֶׁה (qāšeh) hard, cruel.
2085b קְ שִׁי (qĕ šî) stubbornness.
The root qāšâ apparently arose from an agricultural milieu. It emphasizes, first, the subjective effect exerted by an overly heavy yoke, which is hard to bear, and secondarily, the rebellious resistance of oxen to the yoke. For synonyms see kābēd (heavy, emphasizing the weight of the thing bearing down), ḥāzaq (strong, emphasizing the pressure exerted), ḥāmaś (violent, cruel), ʾakzār (fierce). Note, qāšaḥ with the same variant spelling in Arabic has similar meaning to qāšâ. Our root (with the derivatives here listed) occurs sixty-four times.
A number of passages use the metaphor of a yoke (ʿôl) which is hard (and, therefore, cruel and oppressive) to bear: the servitude in Egypt (Ex 1:14), Solomon’s rule (I Kgs 12:4, hyperbolically?), and the Babylonian exile (Isa 14:3). Christ’s yoke, however, is easy (Mt 11:29–30), although it too requires submission (Phil 4:3) and discipline (II Cor 6:15). Other situations emphasize only the idea “hard to bear” (Gen 35:16; Gen 42:7; Ps 60:3 [H 5]); cf. the meaning “difficult” (Deut 1:17; 15:18). The other side of the word (cruel and oppressive) develops the meaning fierce (Gen 49:7; Isa 27:8).
A frequent use of the word relates to the stubborn (stiff-necked) subjects of the Lord. Like rebellious oxen, calf-worshiping Israel quickly turned aside from the Lord’s service (Ex 32:9). The spirit of Israel remained (for the most part) stubborn, intractable., and non-responsive to the guiding of their God (Deut 10:16; Jud 2:19; II Kgs 17:14; Neh 9:16) and of his Holy Spirit (cf. Acts 7:51). Pharaoh stubbornly refused divine leading (Ex 13:15) in accordance with divine counsel (Ex 7:3). Hannah used this word to describe her impassiveness created by great vexation (I Sam 1:15).