Hebrew Rhetorical devices
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Malachi: A Handbook on the Hebrew Text Malachi 3:13–21
The writer employs opposites (such as צַדִּיק and רָשָׁע) and uses metaphors and similes more in this oracle than in previous ones
Name: Amplification
Says the Lord of hosts
אָמַר֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת
Malachi: A Handbook on the Hebrew Text Malachi 3:13–21
messenger formula
Messenger formula -
“to emphasize the authority behind the message”
Eddinger, T. W. (2012). Malachi: a handbook on the Hebrew text. (W. D. Tucker Jr., Ed.) (p. 101). Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.
Type: Idiom
Name:Type
Idiom of Obedience to Gods law
שָׁמַ֙רְנוּ֙ מִשְׁמַרְתּ֔ו
Eddinger, T. W. (2012). Malachi: a handbook on the Hebrew text. (W. D. Tucker Jr., Ed.) (p. 102). Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.
V14
Eddinger, T. W. (2012). Malachi: a handbook on the Hebrew text. (W. D. Tucker Jr., Ed.) (p. 101). Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.
Type: Epithet
Walk mournfully
הָלַ֙כְנוּ֙ קְדֹ֣רַנִּ֔ית
Type: Personification
From the face of the lord of host
מִפְּנֵ֖י יְהוָ֥ה צְבָאֽוֹת
מִפְּנֵ֖י יְהוָ֥ה צְבָאֽוֹת׃
Eddinger, T. W. (2012). Malachi: a handbook on the Hebrew text. (W. D. Tucker Jr., Ed.) (p. 103). Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.
Verse 15
Type: Juxtaposition
Malachi: A Handbook on the Hebrew Text Malachi 3:13–21
The waw + עַתָּה has a logical force and creates a juxtaposition between then and now
וְעַתָּ֕ה
The waw + עַתָּה has a logical force and creates a juxtaposition between then and now (WO §39.3.1h).
Eddinger, T. W. (2012). Malachi: a handbook on the Hebrew text. (W. D. Tucker Jr., Ed.) (pp. 103–104). Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.
Type: Metonymy
נִבְנוּ֙. Niph qatal 3 c pl √בָּנָה. בָּנָה literally means “to be built up” but has a figurative sense here meaning “prosper.”
Eddinger, T. W. (2012). Malachi: a handbook on the Hebrew text. (W. D. Tucker Jr., Ed.) (p. 104). Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.
Type: Climax
Waltke and O’Connor note that גַּם can mark the climax of an exposition (WO §39.3.4d), as it perhaps does here
Eddinger, T. W. (2012). Malachi: a handbook on the Hebrew text. (W. D. Tucker Jr., Ed.) (p. 104). Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.
Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar, 2nd English Edition § 44. Flexion of the Perfect of Qal.
§ 44. Flexion of the Perfect of Qal.
§ 44. Flexion of the Perfect of Qal.
2. In some weak stems middle a, the Pathaḥ under the second radical sometimes, in a closed toneless syllable, becomes ִ, and, in one example, ֶ. Thus from יָרַשׁ: וִיֽרִשְׁתָּהּ and thou shalt possess it, ; וִיֽרִשְׁתָּם ; וִיֽרִשְׁתֶּם , and frequently; from יָלַד to bring forth, to beget; יְלִדְתִּ֫יךָ (cf. , , ); from פּוּשׁ; וּפִשְׁתֶּם Mal 3:20; from שָׁאַל; שְׁאלְתִּיו I have asked him, (Ju 13:6), and three times שְׁאֶלְתֶּם , , . Qimḥi already suggests the explanation, that the ı̆ (ĕ) of these forms of שׁאל and ירשׁ is the original vowel, since along with שָׁאַל and יָרַשׁ are also found שָׁאֵל and יָרֵשׁ (see the Lexicon). The possibility of this explanation cannot be denied (especially in the case of יָרַשׁ, see § 69 s); the ı̆ in these forms might, however, equally well have arisen from an attenuation of ă (§ 27 s), such as must in any case be assumed in the other instances. Moreover, it is worthy of notice that in all the above cases the ı̆ is favoured by the character of the following consonant (a sibilant or dental), and in most of them also by the tendency towards assimilation of the vowels (cf. § 54 k and § 64 f).
d.
2. In some weak stems middle a, the Pathaḥ under the second radical sometimes, in a closed toneless syllable, becomes ִ, and, in one example, ֶ. Thus from יָרַשׁ: וִיֽרִשְׁתָּהּ and thou shalt possess it, ; וִיֽרִשְׁתָּם ; וִיֽרִשְׁתֶּם , and frequently; from יָלַד to bring forth, to beget; יְלִדְתִּ֫יךָ (cf. , , ); from פּוּשׁ; וּפִשְׁתֶּם Mal 3:20; from שָׁאַל; שְׁאלְתִּיו I have asked him, (Ju 13:6), and three times שְׁאֶלְתֶּם , , . Qimḥi already suggests the explanation, that the ı̆ (ĕ) of these forms of שׁאל and ירשׁ is the original vowel, since along with שָׁאַל and יָרַשׁ are also found שָׁאֵל and יָרֵשׁ (see the Lexicon). The possibility of this explanation cannot be denied (especially in the case of יָרַשׁ, see § 69 s); the ı̆ in these forms might, however, equally well have arisen from an attenuation of ă (§ 27 s), such as must in any case be assumed in the other instances. Moreover, it is worthy of notice that in all the above cases the ı̆ is favoured by the character of the following consonant (a sibilant or dental), and in most of them also by the tendency towards assimilation of the vowels (cf. § 54 k and § 64 f).
Gesenius, F. W. (1910). Gesenius’ Hebrew grammar. (E. Kautzsch & S. A. E. Cowley, Eds.) (2d English ed., p. 120). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar, 2nd English Edition § 100. Adverbs.
§ 100. Adverbs.
On demonstrative adverbs cf. Brockelmann, Grundriss, i. 323; on interrogative adverbs, ibid., i. 328; on adverbs in general, i. 492 ff.
Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar, 2nd English Edition § 100. Adverbs.
g
3. Some adverbs are formed by the addition of formative syllables (most frequently ־ ָם) to substantives or adjectives, e.g. אָמְנָם and אֻמְנָם truly (from אֹמֶן truth); חִנָּם (by favour) gratis (from חֵן gratia); רֵיקָם in vain, frustra, but also empty, (from רֵיק empty, emptiness, vanum), Ru 1:21, parallel with the fem. מְלֵאָה full; יוֹמָם by day (from יוֹם); with ô in the last syllable, פִּתְאֹם, for פִּתְעֹם, in a twinkling, suddenly (from פֶּ֫תַע a twinkling, the ô being probably obscured from an original â).—Moreover, cf. אֲחֹֽרַנִּית backward, and קְדֹֽרַנִּית darkly attired, Mal 3:14. In both these cases, the formative syllable an has been first attached to the stem, and then the feminine ending îth, which is elsewhere used to form adverbs, has been added to it.
l
With substantives: The participle in the absolute state: עֹשֶׂה חֶ֫סֶד being merciful (but b שֹׁמְרֵי מִצְוֹתָ֑י, nominal); כּל־אישׁ זֹבֵחַ זֶ֫בַח (but כּל־מַכֵּה־נפשׁ, prob. nominal); הוֹי בֹּנֶה בֵיתוֹ הוֹי בֹּנֶה עִיר (but בּוֹנֵה ירושׁלם יהוה, possibly nominal[]); מְבִיאִים עֹלָה (but b וּמְבִאֵי תוֹדָה, if the text is correct); 1Kg 5.1 מַגִּשִׁים מִנְחָה (but , נֹשְׂאֵי מִנְחָה tributaries, nominal). The verbal adjective יָרֵא in the sense of respecting, fearing is constructed with the accusative: את־האלהים אני יָרֵא 2Kg 4.1; (but in the nominal sense of respectful of, we have יְרֵא: כּי־יְרֵא אלהים אתּה; ; etc., יִרְאֵי: יראי אלהים; Ml 3.20; etc.); verbal adjective חָפֵץ: חָפֵץ רֶ֫שַׁע (but חֲפֵצֵי צִדְקִי; cf. 40.15; 70.3, all nominal).
Joüon, P., & Muraoka, T. (2006). A grammar of biblical Hebrew (p. 386). Roma: Pontificio Istituto Biblico.
אֲשֶׁר that, as a result of which is used (apart from a question)() with a nuance different from כי: Gn 13.16 as a result of which; 22.14 (probably); with a negative: אשׁר לא 2Kg 9.37; Ml 3.19.
Conclusions
3:14- the word for mourning, the formative syllable an has been first attached to the stem, and then the feminine ending îth, which is elsewhere used to form adverbs, has been added to it.
3:20 No idea what that
3:20:With substantives: The participle in the absolute state
The verbal adjective יָרֵא in the sense of respecting, fearing is constructed with the accusative: את־האלהים אני יָרֵא 2Kg 4.1; (but in the nominal sense of respectful of, we have יְרֵא: כּי־יְרֵא אלהים אתּה; ; etc., יִרְאֵי: יראי אלהים; Ml 3.20; etc.)