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Wayyiqtol; macro-syntactic
Wayyiqtol; macro-syntactic
After the death of Joshua, the people of Israel inquired of the Lord, “Who shall go up first for us against the Canaanites, to fight against them?”
When she came to him, she urged him to ask her father for a field. And she dismounted from her donkey, and Caleb said to her, “What do you want?”
And afterward the men of Judah went down to fight against the Canaanites who lived in the hill country, in the Negeb, and in the lowland.
And the Lord was with Judah, and he took possession of the hill country, but he could not drive out the inhabitants of the plain because they had chariots of iron.
When Israel grew strong, they put the Canaanites to forced labor, but did not drive them out completely.
As soon as the angel of the Lord spoke these words to all the people of Israel, the people lifted up their voices and wept.
#178 Wayyiqtol. The wayyiqtol typically refers to a complete action. It typically is part of a temporal sequence in past-time narrative (#496), although sometimes it is still used when the narrative takes a jump back in time to replay the events from another perspective. It sometimes has other nuances as well, such as expressing the result of a previous clause.
Macro-syntactic Marker: Introduces a discourse (or advances it by introducing a situation that is only more or less loosely connected with the preceding situation). ויהי doesn't ordinarily introduce an independent temporal clause in itself, but is synchronic with the following clause. Translation: "Now" (the waw of the following clause can usually remain untranslated).
The preposition בְּ
The preposition בְּ
After the death of Joshua, the people of Israel inquired of the Lord, “Who shall go up first for us against the Canaanites, to fight against them?”
#244 בְּ of transitivity (untranslated). Some verbs take a prepositional phrase beginning with בְּ where English would use a direct object.
Infinitive Construct
Infinitive Construct
After the death of Joshua, the people of Israel inquired of the Lord, “Who shall go up first for us against the Canaanites, to fight against them?”
Yet they did not listen to their judges, for they whored after other gods and bowed down to them. They soon turned aside from the way in which their fathers had walked, who had obeyed the commandments of the Lord, and they did not do so.
But whenever the judge died, they turned back and were more corrupt than their fathers, going after other gods, serving them and bowing down to them. They did not drop any of their practices or their stubborn ways.
But whenever the judge died, they turned back and were more corrupt than their fathers, going after other gods, serving them and bowing down to them. They did not drop any of their practices or their stubborn ways.
But whenever the judge died, they turned back and were more corrupt than their fathers, going after other gods, serving them and bowing down to them. They did not drop any of their practices or their stubborn ways.
in order to test Israel by them, whether they will take care to walk in the way of the Lord as their fathers did, or not.”
So the Lord left those nations, not driving them out quickly, and he did not give them into the hand of Joshua.
#195 Explanatory use of the infinitive construct (by ...ing). The infinitive construct, with prefixed לְ (of manner #274a) or preceded by לְבִלְתִּי for negative uses, can follow a verb, spelling out in more detail what it means. This is considered a subcategory of the accusative of manner (#60).
The preposition לְ
The preposition לְ
After the death of Joshua, the people of Israel inquired of the Lord, “Who shall go up first for us against the Canaanites, to fight against them?”
and you shall make no covenant with the inhabitants of this land; you shall break down their altars.’ But you have not obeyed my voice. What is this you have done?
#282 לְ of partisanship or assistance (for, on the side of). The object of the preposition לְ can be the one whose side someone takes. It is a subcategory of:
#271a לְ of advantage (for). The object of the preposition לְ can be a person or thing to whose advantage something is.
The preposition אֶל
The preposition אֶל
After the death of Joshua, the people of Israel inquired of the Lord, “Who shall go up first for us against the Canaanites, to fight against them?”
#303 אֶל of disadvantage or adversative אֶל (against). The object of the preposition אֶל can be the one to whose disadvantage or against whom something happens.
Gentilic yod
Gentilic yod
After the death of Joshua, the people of Israel inquired of the Lord, “Who shall go up first for us against the Canaanites, to fight against them?”
And Judah said to Simeon his brother, “Come up with me into the territory allotted to me, that we may fight against the Canaanites. And I likewise will go with you into the territory allotted to you.” So Simeon went with him.
Gentilic yod. Suf'v that indicates an ethnic or national class of people.
The preposition בְּ
The preposition בְּ
After the death of Joshua, the people of Israel inquired of the Lord, “Who shall go up first for us against the Canaanites, to fight against them?”
#240 Locative בְּ (in, on, through). The preposition בְּ often indicates location. In this case, "Who will go up on our side, against the Canaanite, beginning to fight in front of us?" Literally asking, "Who will be the vanguard of the army?"
Word Order
Word Order
The Lord said, “Judah shall go up; behold, I have given the land into his hand.”
and you shall make no covenant with the inhabitants of this land; you shall break down their altars.’ But you have not obeyed my voice. What is this you have done?
#573a The subject may precede the verb to focus attention on the subject.
The preposition בְּ
The preposition בְּ
The Lord said, “Judah shall go up; behold, I have given the land into his hand.”
But the people of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites who lived in Jerusalem, so the Jebusites have lived with the people of Benjamin in Jerusalem to this day.
And Ephraim did not drive out the Canaanites who lived in Gezer, so the Canaanites lived in Gezer among them.
Zebulun did not drive out the inhabitants of Kitron, or the inhabitants of Nahalol, so the Canaanites lived among them, but became subject to forced labor.
so the Asherites lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land, for they did not drive them out.
Naphtali did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh, or the inhabitants of Beth-anath, so they lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land. Nevertheless, the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh and of Beth-anath became subject to forced labor for them.
#240 Locative בְּ (in, on, through). The preposition בְּ often indicates location.
Imperative; conditional-protasis
Imperative; conditional-protasis
And Judah said to Simeon his brother, “Come up with me into the territory allotted to me, that we may fight against the Canaanites. And I likewise will go with you into the territory allotted to you.” So Simeon went with him.
#513 Real condition that is a circumstantial clause. The protasis of a real condition can be written as a circumstantial clause (#494-5b), that is, with the subject preceding the verb, and perhaps introduced with וְ.
The preposition בְּ
The preposition בְּ
And Judah said to Simeon his brother, “Come up with me into the territory allotted to me, that we may fight against the Canaanites. And I likewise will go with you into the territory allotted to you.” So Simeon went with him.
And Judah said to Simeon his brother, “Come up with me into the territory allotted to me, that we may fight against the Canaanites. And I likewise will go with you into the territory allotted to you.” So Simeon went with him.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he gave them over to plunderers, who plundered them. And he sold them into the hand of their surrounding enemies, so that they could no longer withstand their enemies.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he gave them over to plunderers, who plundered them. And he sold them into the hand of their surrounding enemies, so that they could no longer withstand their enemies.
So the Lord left those nations, not driving them out quickly, and he did not give them into the hand of Joshua.
#253 Terminative בְּ (into). When used with a verb of motion, the object of the preposition בְּ can indicate a place toward which something moves and in or at which it then comes to rest.
Weyiqtol; purpose
Weyiqtol; purpose
And Judah said to Simeon his brother, “Come up with me into the territory allotted to me, that we may fight against the Canaanites. And I likewise will go with you into the territory allotted to you.” So Simeon went with him.
#181a Jussive, cohortative, or imperative with wcj for purpose or result. Prefixing a wcj to a volative verb can indicate purpose or result, particularly when the preceding verb is volative.
The preposition בְּ
The preposition בְּ
And Judah said to Simeon his brother, “Come up with me into the territory allotted to me, that we may fight against the Canaanites. And I likewise will go with you into the territory allotted to you.” So Simeon went with him.
And the men of Judah fought against Jerusalem and captured it and struck it with the edge of the sword and set the city on fire.
And afterward the men of Judah went down to fight against the Canaanites who lived in the hill country, in the Negeb, and in the lowland.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he gave them over to plunderers, who plundered them. And he sold them into the hand of their surrounding enemies, so that they could no longer withstand their enemies.
Whenever they marched out, the hand of the Lord was against them for harm, as the Lord had warned, and as the Lord had sworn to them. And they were in terrible distress.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he said, “Because this people have transgressed my covenant that I commanded their fathers and have not obeyed my voice,
#242 Adversative בְּ (against, in spite of). The preposition בְּ can indicate that something opposes its object, works to the disadvantage of its object, or occurs in spite of its object.
Weqatal; conditional-apodosis
Weqatal; conditional-apodosis
And Judah said to Simeon his brother, “Come up with me into the territory allotted to me, that we may fight against the Canaanites. And I likewise will go with you into the territory allotted to you.” So Simeon went with him.
And Caleb said, “He who attacks Kiriath-sepher and captures it, I will give him Achsah my daughter for a wife.”
She said to him, “Give me a blessing. Since you have set me in the land of the Negeb, give me also springs of water.” And Caleb gave her the upper springs and the lower springs.
#178 Weqatal. The weqatal is traditionally said to refer to an action without having the completion of the action in view, just like the incomplete-action imperfect (#167), and to often form a temporal sequence in a future-time narrative (#496). It sometimes has other nuances, such as being the result of a previous clause (#525), or continuing the imperatival sense of a preceding volative or infinitive absolute.
#440 Resumptive וְ (then, untranslated). The conjunction וְ can begin a clause that resumes the train of thought from the clause that precedes it. It is also call the conditional waw because it is often used in conditional sentences at the beginning of the apodosis to connect it logically to the protasis.
#511 The apodosis of a conditional clause usually begins with a resumptive וְ, but can also begin with אָז or כִּי אָז or without a conjunction.
The adverb גַּם
The adverb גַּם
And Judah said to Simeon his brother, “Come up with me into the territory allotted to me, that we may fight against the Canaanites. And I likewise will go with you into the territory allotted to you.” So Simeon went with him.
I will no longer drive out before them any of the nations that Joshua left when he died,
#381 Correlative גַּם (on one's part). The adverb גַּם can be used to draw attention to the subject of a verb, sometimes in distinction to others.
Wayyiqtol
Wayyiqtol
And the men of Judah fought against Jerusalem and captured it and struck it with the edge of the sword and set the city on fire.
Judah also captured Gaza with its territory, and Ashkelon with its territory, and Ekron with its territory.
The Amorites pressed the people of Dan back into the hill country, for they did not allow them to come down to the plain.
The Amorites persisted in dwelling in Mount Heres, in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim, but the hand of the house of Joseph rested heavily on them, and they became subject to forced labor.
Now the angel of the Lord went up from Gilgal to Bochim. And he said, “I brought you up from Egypt and brought you into the land that I swore to give to your fathers. I said, ‘I will never break my covenant with you,
Now the angel of the Lord went up from Gilgal to Bochim. And he said, “I brought you up from Egypt and brought you into the land that I swore to give to your fathers. I said, ‘I will never break my covenant with you,
Now the angel of the Lord went up from Gilgal to Bochim. And he said, “I brought you up from Egypt and brought you into the land that I swore to give to your fathers. I said, ‘I will never break my covenant with you,
Now the angel of the Lord went up from Gilgal to Bochim. And he said, “I brought you up from Egypt and brought you into the land that I swore to give to your fathers. I said, ‘I will never break my covenant with you,
And the people served the Lord all the days of Joshua, and all the days of the elders who outlived Joshua, who had seen all the great work that the Lord had done for Israel.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he gave them over to plunderers, who plundered them. And he sold them into the hand of their surrounding enemies, so that they could no longer withstand their enemies.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he gave them over to plunderers, who plundered them. And he sold them into the hand of their surrounding enemies, so that they could no longer withstand their enemies.
Whenever they marched out, the hand of the Lord was against them for harm, as the Lord had warned, and as the Lord had sworn to them. And they were in terrible distress.
Yet they did not listen to their judges, for they whored after other gods and bowed down to them. They soon turned aside from the way in which their fathers had walked, who had obeyed the commandments of the Lord, and they did not do so.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he said, “Because this people have transgressed my covenant that I commanded their fathers and have not obeyed my voice,
And their daughters they took to themselves for wives, and their own daughters they gave to their sons, and they served their gods.
And their daughters they took to themselves for wives, and their own daughters they gave to their sons, and they served their gods.
#178 Wayyiqtol. The wayyiqtol typically refers to a complete action. It typically is part of a temporal sequence in past-time narrative (#496), although sometimes it is still used when the narrative takes a jump back in time to replay the events from another perspective. It sometimes has other nuances as well, such as expressing the result of a previous clause.
#430a Coordinative וְ (and, untranslated). The conjunction וְ can function to coordinate two nouns, phrases, or clauses.
#441 Adjunctive וְ (also). The conjunction וְ can be used before something this is in addition to something that precedes it.
Preposition לְ
Preposition לְ
And the men of Judah fought against Jerusalem and captured it and struck it with the edge of the sword and set the city on fire.
#274a לְ of manner (according to, in). The object of the preposition לְ can describe the style or mode with which the verb takes place or the standard which it follows.
In Pause
In Pause
And the men of Judah fought against Jerusalem and captured it and struck it with the edge of the sword and set the city on fire.
When a word is "in pause" (that is coming at the end of a clause, or at a major disjunction [marked with major disjunctive Masoretic mark]) the vowels in the word can change in unexpected ways.
Disjunctive וְ
Disjunctive וְ
And the men of Judah fought against Jerusalem and captured it and struck it with the edge of the sword and set the city on fire.
But the people of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites who lived in Jerusalem, so the Jebusites have lived with the people of Benjamin in Jerusalem to this day.
Manasseh did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shean and its villages, or Taanach and its villages, or the inhabitants of Dor and its villages, or the inhabitants of Ibleam and its villages, or the inhabitants of Megiddo and its villages, for the Canaanites persisted in dwelling in that land.
When Israel grew strong, they put the Canaanites to forced labor, but did not drive them out completely.
And Ephraim did not drive out the Canaanites who lived in Gezer, so the Canaanites lived in Gezer among them.
Naphtali did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh, or the inhabitants of Beth-anath, so they lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land. Nevertheless, the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh and of Beth-anath became subject to forced labor for them.
and you shall make no covenant with the inhabitants of this land; you shall break down their altars.’ But you have not obeyed my voice. What is this you have done?
and you shall make no covenant with the inhabitants of this land; you shall break down their altars.’ But you have not obeyed my voice. What is this you have done?
So now I say, I will not drive them out before you, but they shall become thorns in your sides, and their gods shall be a snare to you.”
So now I say, I will not drive them out before you, but they shall become thorns in your sides, and their gods shall be a snare to you.”
And all that generation also were gathered to their fathers. And there arose another generation after them who did not know the Lord or the work that he had done for Israel.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he gave them over to plunderers, who plundered them. And he sold them into the hand of their surrounding enemies, so that they could no longer withstand their enemies.
Yet they did not listen to their judges, for they whored after other gods and bowed down to them. They soon turned aside from the way in which their fathers had walked, who had obeyed the commandments of the Lord, and they did not do so.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he said, “Because this people have transgressed my covenant that I commanded their fathers and have not obeyed my voice,
So the Lord left those nations, not driving them out quickly, and he did not give them into the hand of Joshua.
And their daughters they took to themselves for wives, and their own daughters they gave to their sons, and they served their gods.
Waw disjunctive. A waw on a non-verb starting a clause, takes a step off from the track of the main narrative. The clause can be 1) parenthetical, 2) comparison or contrast, or 3) prior action (something that "had happened" prior to the main storyline). It's important to return to waw disjunctive after finishing the narrative to fully appreciate its significance.
Expression
Expression
And the men of Judah fought against Jerusalem and captured it and struck it with the edge of the sword and set the city on fire.
Woodenly: "they sent fire against"
Smoothed: "they set on fire."
Expression
Expression
And afterward the men of Judah went down to fight against the Canaanites who lived in the hill country, in the Negeb, and in the lowland.
יוֹשֵׁב (qal aptc) often functions substantively as a noun, "inhabitants."
Relative particle אֲשֶׁר
Relative particle אֲשֶׁר
And Caleb said, “He who attacks Kiriath-sepher and captures it, I will give him Achsah my daughter for a wife.”
#469 and #515 Conditional אֲשֶׁר (if, whoever, whichever). The relative particle אֲשֶׁר can begin the protasis of a real conditional sentence.
Ambiguity
Ambiguity
And Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother, captured it. And he gave him Achsah his daughter for a wife.
The familial connections here are grammatically ambiguous. Either Othniel or Kenaz could be Kaleb's younger brother based on the grammar. But, culturally speaking it would be frowned upon for Othniel to marry his niece, but marrying a cousin was actually a very desirable match. If this story is meant to show the great start that Israel had in taking the land, it would make sense to start with an ideal marriage. So, It is likely that Othniel was Kaleb's nephew.
Temporal phrase
Temporal phrase
When she came to him, she urged him to ask her father for a field. And she dismounted from her donkey, and Caleb said to her, “What do you want?”
#503 Temporal infinitival phrase beginning with a preposition. If the object of a preposition contains an infinitive but not a finite verb, it can be considered to be a phrase rather than a clause.
#504 Temporal phrase with בְּ + infinitive (when). #241 Temporal-point בְּ (in, when). The preposition בְּ can indicate a point in time.
Wayyiqtol; temporal
Wayyiqtol; temporal
When she came to him, she urged him to ask her father for a field. And she dismounted from her donkey, and Caleb said to her, “What do you want?”
After the death of Joshua, the people of Israel inquired of the Lord, “Who shall go up first for us against the Canaanites, to fight against them?”
When she came to him, she urged him to ask her father for a field. And she dismounted from her donkey, and Caleb said to her, “What do you want?”
When she came to him, she urged him to ask her father for a field. And she dismounted from her donkey, and Caleb said to her, “What do you want?”
When Israel grew strong, they put the Canaanites to forced labor, but did not drive them out completely.
And Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother, captured it. And he gave him Achsah his daughter for a wife.
And Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother, captured it. And he gave him Achsah his daughter for a wife.
And the men of Judah fought against Jerusalem and captured it and struck it with the edge of the sword and set the city on fire.
And the men of Judah fought against Jerusalem and captured it and struck it with the edge of the sword and set the city on fire.
As soon as the angel of the Lord spoke these words to all the people of Israel, the people lifted up their voices and wept.
As soon as the angel of the Lord spoke these words to all the people of Israel, the people lifted up their voices and wept.
And Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of the Lord, died at the age of 110 years.
And they buried him within the boundaries of his inheritance in Timnath-heres, in the hill country of Ephraim, north of the mountain of Gaash.
And all that generation also were gathered to their fathers. And there arose another generation after them who did not know the Lord or the work that he had done for Israel.
Then the Lord raised up judges, who saved them out of the hand of those who plundered them.
Then the Lord raised up judges, who saved them out of the hand of those who plundered them.
I will no longer drive out before them any of the nations that Joshua left when he died,
#178 Wayyiqtol. The wayyiqtol typically refers to a complete action. It typically is part of a temporal sequence in past-time narrative (#496), although sometimes it is still used when the narrative takes a jump back in time to replay the events from another perspective. It sometimes has other nuances as well, such as expressing the result of a previous clause.
#496 Temporal clause beginning with a wayyiqtol (when). A temporal clause indicates the time when another clause occurs. Such clauses are often used in past time narratives. [The waw of the clause to which the temporal clause is related, can be untranslated.]
Expression
Expression
When she came to him, she urged him to ask her father for a field. And she dismounted from her donkey, and Caleb said to her, “What do you want?”
Woodenly: "What to/for you?"
Smoothed: "What can I do for you?" or "What do you want?" or "What can I give you?" The expression uses the possessive use of לְ preposition.
Conjunction כִּי
Conjunction כִּי
She said to him, “Give me a blessing. Since you have set me in the land of the Negeb, give me also springs of water.” And Caleb gave her the upper springs and the lower springs.
#446 Conditional כִּי (if, since). The conjunction כִּי can begin the protasis of a real conditional sentence.
Conjunction כִּי
Conjunction כִּי
She said to him, “Give me a blessing. Since you have set me in the land of the Negeb, give me also springs of water.” And Caleb gave her the upper springs and the lower springs.
And the Lord was with Judah, and he took possession of the hill country, but he could not drive out the inhabitants of the plain because they had chariots of iron.
so the Asherites lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land, for they did not drive them out.
Whenever the Lord raised up judges for them, the Lord was with the judge, and he saved them from the hand of their enemies all the days of the judge. For the Lord was moved to pity by their groaning because of those who afflicted and oppressed them.
#444 Causal כִּי (because). The conjunction כִּי can begin a causal clause.
Wayyiqtol; result clause
Wayyiqtol; result clause
She said to him, “Give me a blessing. Since you have set me in the land of the Negeb, give me also springs of water.” And Caleb gave her the upper springs and the lower springs.
The Lord said, “Judah shall go up; behold, I have given the land into his hand.”
And Judah said to Simeon his brother, “Come up with me into the territory allotted to me, that we may fight against the Canaanites. And I likewise will go with you into the territory allotted to you.” So Simeon went with him.
And Judah said to Simeon his brother, “Come up with me into the territory allotted to me, that we may fight against the Canaanites. And I likewise will go with you into the territory allotted to you.” So Simeon went with him.
She said to him, “Give me a blessing. Since you have set me in the land of the Negeb, give me also springs of water.” And Caleb gave her the upper springs and the lower springs.
And the Lord was with Judah, and he took possession of the hill country, but he could not drive out the inhabitants of the plain because they had chariots of iron.
But the people of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites who lived in Jerusalem, so the Jebusites have lived with the people of Benjamin in Jerusalem to this day.
And Ephraim did not drive out the Canaanites who lived in Gezer, so the Canaanites lived in Gezer among them.
Zebulun did not drive out the inhabitants of Kitron, or the inhabitants of Nahalol, so the Canaanites lived among them, but became subject to forced labor.
so the Asherites lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land, for they did not drive them out.
Naphtali did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh, or the inhabitants of Beth-anath, so they lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land. Nevertheless, the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh and of Beth-anath became subject to forced labor for them.
The Amorites persisted in dwelling in Mount Heres, in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim, but the hand of the house of Joseph rested heavily on them, and they became subject to forced labor.
And Caleb said, “He who attacks Kiriath-sepher and captures it, I will give him Achsah my daughter for a wife.”
Manasseh did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shean and its villages, or Taanach and its villages, or the inhabitants of Dor and its villages, or the inhabitants of Ibleam and its villages, or the inhabitants of Megiddo and its villages, for the Canaanites persisted in dwelling in that land.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he gave them over to plunderers, who plundered them. And he sold them into the hand of their surrounding enemies, so that they could no longer withstand their enemies.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he gave them over to plunderers, who plundered them. And he sold them into the hand of their surrounding enemies, so that they could no longer withstand their enemies.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he said, “Because this people have transgressed my covenant that I commanded their fathers and have not obeyed my voice,
So the Lord left those nations, not driving them out quickly, and he did not give them into the hand of Joshua.
#178 Wayyiqtol. The wayyiqtol typically refers to a complete action. It typically is part of a temporal sequence in past-time narrative (#496), although sometimes it is still used when the narrative takes a jump back in time to replay the events from another perspective. It sometimes has other nuances as well, such as expressing the result of a previous clause.
#525 Result clause with Wayyiqtol (with the result that, that, thus, thereby, so that, so). A result clause (or consecutive clause) states the outcome, effect, or consequence of something. A result clause can begin with a wayyiqtol, weqatal, weyiqtol, or volative with a simple waw.
Preposition אֵת
Preposition אֵת
And the Lord was with Judah, and he took possession of the hill country, but he could not drive out the inhabitants of the plain because they had chariots of iron.
#346 אֵת of partisanship (on the side of). The object of the preposition אֵת can be the one whose side someone takes.
Conjunction כִּי
Conjunction כִּי
And the Lord was with Judah, and he took possession of the hill country, but he could not drive out the inhabitants of the plain because they had chariots of iron.
#448 Concessive כִּי (though, in spite of, even if). The conjunction כִּי can begin a concessive clause (#530).
Infinitive Construct
Infinitive Construct
And the Lord was with Judah, and he took possession of the hill country, but he could not drive out the inhabitants of the plain because they had chariots of iron.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he gave them over to plunderers, who plundered them. And he sold them into the hand of their surrounding enemies, so that they could no longer withstand their enemies.
#193 Infinitive construct as object. An infinitive construct may be the direct object of a verb. I may be preceded by the accusative particle אֵת or the preposition לְ.
In the case of Jdg 1:19, it appears to be the object in a verbless clause negated by לֹא, which normally does not negate an infinitive. So, it appears as though the לֹא is negating the implied "it was" in the verbless clause. The resulting translation is something like: "It was not to be for them to dispossess..."
Preposition לְ
Preposition לְ
And the Lord was with Judah, and he took possession of the hill country, but he could not drive out the inhabitants of the plain because they had chariots of iron.
And their daughters they took to themselves for wives, and their own daughters they gave to their sons, and they served their gods.
And their daughters they took to themselves for wives, and their own daughters they gave to their sons, and they served their gods.
#270 Possessive לְ (of, belonging to). The preposition לְ can indicate that its object is owned or possessed by someone. The idea of possession is not necessarily literal; it may indicate a relationship other than possession, as in "my parents" or "my God."
Word Order
Word Order
But the people of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites who lived in Jerusalem, so the Jebusites have lived with the people of Benjamin in Jerusalem to this day.
#574c A long direct object may precede the verb.
Preposition אֵת
Preposition אֵת
But the people of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites who lived in Jerusalem, so the Jebusites have lived with the people of Benjamin in Jerusalem to this day.
#342 אֵת of disadvantage (against). The object of the preposition אֵת can be a person to whose disadvantage something is.
Preposition עַד
Preposition עַד
But the people of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites who lived in Jerusalem, so the Jebusites have lived with the people of Benjamin in Jerusalem to this day.
#311 Temporal עַד (to, until, by, during, while, as long as). The preposition עַד can indicate that something occurs up to the time indicated by its object or, rarely, during the time indicated by its object.
Conjunction כִּי
Conjunction כִּי
When Israel grew strong, they put the Canaanites to forced labor, but did not drive them out completely.
Whenever the Lord raised up judges for them, the Lord was with the judge, and he saved them from the hand of their enemies all the days of the judge. For the Lord was moved to pity by their groaning because of those who afflicted and oppressed them.
#445 Temporal כִּי (when). כִּי can begin a temporal clause (#497). Temporal clauses with כִּי always have a verb. The object of כִּי is the time when another clause occurs.
Infinitive absolute
Infinitive absolute
When Israel grew strong, they put the Canaanites to forced labor, but did not drive them out completely.
#205 Infinitive absolute to emphasize a verb of the same root. The combination of an infinitive absolute and a finite verb of the same root can indicate emphasis of various types, such as affirming that the action of the verb is very certain to occur. The finite verb does not need to be the same stem as the infa, but it must have the same root.
Circumstantial clause
Circumstantial clause
And Ephraim did not drive out the Canaanites who lived in Gezer, so the Canaanites lived in Gezer among them.
#495a An antecedent circumstantial clause explains circumstances that precede the main clause. Its predicate is a perfect verb.
Participle
Participle
And Ephraim did not drive out the Canaanites who lived in Gezer, so the Canaanites lived in Gezer among them.
#215a Participle as an attributive adjective. A participle can function as an attributive adjective, describing a substantive. It follows the substantive that it describes and usually exhibits concord with it.
Preposition לְ
Preposition לְ
Zebulun did not drive out the inhabitants of Kitron, or the inhabitants of Nahalol, so the Canaanites lived among them, but became subject to forced labor.
Naphtali did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh, or the inhabitants of Beth-anath, so they lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land. Nevertheless, the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh and of Beth-anath became subject to forced labor for them.
Naphtali did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh, or the inhabitants of Beth-anath, so they lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land. Nevertheless, the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh and of Beth-anath became subject to forced labor for them.
So now I say, I will not drive them out before you, but they shall become thorns in your sides, and their gods shall be a snare to you.”
So now I say, I will not drive them out before you, but they shall become thorns in your sides, and their gods shall be a snare to you.”
Whenever they marched out, the hand of the Lord was against them for harm, as the Lord had warned, and as the Lord had sworn to them. And they were in terrible distress.
#278 לְ of product (into, for). The object of the preposition לְ may be a state or condition that is the result of another action. When the verb הָיָה means 'become,' it is often followed by a לְ of product.
Narrative Importance
Narrative Importance
so the Asherites lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land, for they did not drive them out.
Naphtali did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh, or the inhabitants of Beth-anath, so they lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land. Nevertheless, the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh and of Beth-anath became subject to forced labor for them.
The Asherites and Naphtalites were living in the midst of the Canaanites, instead of the Canaanites living in the midst of the Asherites and Naphtalites (which is what was said of the other tribes).
Expression
Expression
The Amorites pressed the people of Dan back into the hill country, for they did not allow them to come down to the plain.
#226 Coordination of a finite verb with an infinitive construct. The finite verb usually comes first. The infinitive construct usually has the preposition לְ (#276). Verbal coordination is a combination of two verbs such that the first verb indicates the manner in which the second verb happens. The first verb can typically be translated with an adverb.
#276 לְ before an infinitive construct that is a subject or direct object. When used this way, לְ is usually left untranslated.
#193 Infinitive construct as object. An infinitive construct may be the direct object of a verb. It may be preceded by the accusative particle, אֵת or the preposition לְ.
#265 The preposition לְ typically expresses relation to something or motion towards a thing or person. #266a Spatially terminative לְ (to, up to). The object of the preposition לְ can be an ending location (could also be #267 לְ of direction [towards]. The object of the preposition לְ can be a direction).
Woodenly: "They did not give them to go down to/towards the plain." Smoothed: "The did not allow them to go down into the plain."
Wayyiqtol; adversative clause
Wayyiqtol; adversative clause
The Amorites persisted in dwelling in Mount Heres, in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim, but the hand of the house of Joseph rested heavily on them, and they became subject to forced labor.
Zebulun did not drive out the inhabitants of Kitron, or the inhabitants of Nahalol, so the Canaanites lived among them, but became subject to forced labor.
And Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of the Lord, died at the age of 110 years.
#178 Wayyiqtol. The wayyiqtol typically refers to a complete action. It typically is part of a temporal sequence in past-time narrative (#496), although sometimes it is still used when the narrative takes a jump back in time to replay the events from another perspective. It sometimes has other nuances as well, such as expressing the result of a previous clause.
#552-555 Adversative Clauses (but). An adversative clause opposes another statement. It may state what is true instead of another clause, or state something that invalidates another clause. It can usually be translated with 'but.' The clause that is opposed is often negated with a word such as לֹא and usually precedes the adversative clause.
#432/552 Adversative וְ (but). The conjunction וְ can be used at the beginning of a clause that is in some way opposed to what precedes it (#552).
Grammatical Modeling
Grammatical Modeling
And the border of the Amorites ran from the ascent of Akrabbim, from Sela and upward.
The first chapter of Judges begins with the people doing well to capture their inheritance in the land, but quickly goes down hill as the tribes fail one after another, to dispossess the peoples of Canaan. The grammatical structure of the first chapter reflects the content of the narrative. As the tribes begin to falter, so does the proper Hebrew grammar, until at the end it falls to pieces, ending with a sentence accounting the borders of Amorite territory rather than Israelite.
Article
Article
Now the angel of the Lord went up from Gilgal to Bochim. And he said, “I brought you up from Egypt and brought you into the land that I swore to give to your fathers. I said, ‘I will never break my covenant with you,
#85 Article on a well-known substantive. If a person or thing was expected to be a well known or recognized fact, it might have the article.
Yiqtol
Yiqtol
Now the angel of the Lord went up from Gilgal to Bochim. And he said, “I brought you up from Egypt and brought you into the land that I swore to give to your fathers. I said, ‘I will never break my covenant with you,
#167 Incomplete-action yiqtol. A yiqtol with an incomplete action meaning describes the event without having the end of the event in view. This is in contrast to the perfect (#162), which has the event's beginning, middle, and end in view. The action may not have been finished, or it may simply be described that way (this is sometimes referred to as being incomplete 'in the mind of the speaker').
(1) The situation or event may be present from the speaker's perspective.
(2) The situation or event may be in the past from the speaker's perspective, particularly when preceded by טֶרֶם or בְּטֶרֶם, meaning 'before' or 'not yet,' or עַד, meaning 'until' (#311). Although this is often translated with the English past tense, this is not preterite (#176-7c) because the incomplete-action yiqtol is describing the event as incomplete.
(3) The situation or event may be future from the point of view of the speaker. This often occurs with both stative and fientive verbs.
(4) The situation or event may be future from a past point of view.
Preposition לְ
Preposition לְ
Now the angel of the Lord went up from Gilgal to Bochim. And he said, “I brought you up from Egypt and brought you into the land that I swore to give to your fathers. I said, ‘I will never break my covenant with you,
#269 Indirect object לְ (to, untranslated). The object of the preposition לְ can be the indirect object of the verb, meaning that it receives the action of the verb.
Expression
Expression
Now the angel of the Lord went up from Gilgal to Bochim. And he said, “I brought you up from Egypt and brought you into the land that I swore to give to your fathers. I said, ‘I will never break my covenant with you,
עוֹלָם in a negated clause (לֹא), is best translated, "never."
Adverb גַּם
Adverb גַּם
So now I say, I will not drive them out before you, but they shall become thorns in your sides, and their gods shall be a snare to you.”
And all that generation also were gathered to their fathers. And there arose another generation after them who did not know the Lord or the work that he had done for Israel.
And all that generation also were gathered to their fathers. And there arose another generation after them who did not know the Lord or the work that he had done for Israel.
#378 גַּם for addition (also, both ... and also). גַּם can indicate that something is in addition to something else. גַּם ... וְגַּם means 'both ... and also.'
Preposition מִן
Preposition מִן
So now I say, I will not drive them out before you, but they shall become thorns in your sides, and their gods shall be a snare to you.”
But whenever the judge died, they turned back and were more corrupt than their fathers, going after other gods, serving them and bowing down to them. They did not drop any of their practices or their stubborn ways.
But whenever the judge died, they turned back and were more corrupt than their fathers, going after other gods, serving them and bowing down to them. They did not drop any of their practices or their stubborn ways.
#315 Separative מִן (from). The preposition מִן can indicate a location or state from which something moves away.
Weqatal
Weqatal
So now I say, I will not drive them out before you, but they shall become thorns in your sides, and their gods shall be a snare to you.”
And Caleb said, “He who attacks Kiriath-sepher and captures it, I will give him Achsah my daughter for a wife.”
Whenever the Lord raised up judges for them, the Lord was with the judge, and he saved them from the hand of their enemies all the days of the judge. For the Lord was moved to pity by their groaning because of those who afflicted and oppressed them.
Whenever the Lord raised up judges for them, the Lord was with the judge, and he saved them from the hand of their enemies all the days of the judge. For the Lord was moved to pity by their groaning because of those who afflicted and oppressed them.
But whenever the judge died, they turned back and were more corrupt than their fathers, going after other gods, serving them and bowing down to them. They did not drop any of their practices or their stubborn ways.
But whenever the judge died, they turned back and were more corrupt than their fathers, going after other gods, serving them and bowing down to them. They did not drop any of their practices or their stubborn ways.
#178 Weqatal. The weqatal is traditionally said to refer to an action without having the completion of the action in view, just like the incomplete-action imperfect (#167), and to often form a temporal sequence in a future-time narrative (#496). It sometimes has other nuances, such as being the result of a previous clause (#525), or continuing the imperatival sense of a preceding volative or infinitive absolute.
Imperfect
Imperfect
So now I say, I will not drive them out before you, but they shall become thorns in your sides, and their gods shall be a snare to you.”
#168 Iterative imperfect describes an action as one that is done repeatedly, customarily, habitually, or characteristically.
Preposition כְּ
Preposition כְּ
As soon as the angel of the Lord spoke these words to all the people of Israel, the people lifted up their voices and wept.
#262a Temporal כְּ (as soon as, at the very time). The object of the preposition כְּ can be the precise time at which something happens. The object of the preposition כְּ can be an infinitive (#505) or a clause (#500a).
Verbal Coordination
Verbal Coordination
As soon as the angel of the Lord spoke these words to all the people of Israel, the people lifted up their voices and wept.
As soon as the angel of the Lord spoke these words to all the people of Israel, the people lifted up their voices and wept.
#223 Verbal coordination is a combination of two verbs such that the first verb indicates the manner in which the second verb happens. The first verb can typically be translate with an adverb. This is sometimes called verbal hendiadys.
#430c וְ in verbal coordination joins two verbs such that the second verb expresses the principal idea, and the first verb functions as an adverb modifying the second verb.
Expression
Expression
And the people served the Lord all the days of Joshua, and all the days of the elders who outlived Joshua, who had seen all the great work that the Lord had done for Israel.
Woodenly: "...the elders whose days lengthened after Joshua..."
Smoothed: "...the elders who outlived Joshua..."
Expression
Expression
And Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of the Lord, died at the age of 110 years.
Woodenly: "...a son of one hundred and ten years..."
Smoothed: "...at the age of one hundred and ten years..." or "at one hundred and ten years old..."
Preposition מִן
Preposition מִן
And they buried him within the boundaries of his inheritance in Timnath-heres, in the hill country of Ephraim, north of the mountain of Gaash.
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he gave them over to plunderers, who plundered them. And he sold them into the hand of their surrounding enemies, so that they could no longer withstand their enemies.
#323a מִן for relationship in space (idiomatic). The object of the preposition מִן can be the direction in space that is used to indicate a location in relation to something else. The translation must often be chosen idiomatically.
Preposition לְ
Preposition לְ
And they buried him within the boundaries of his inheritance in Timnath-heres, in the hill country of Ephraim, north of the mountain of Gaash.
#266a Spatially terminative לְ (to, up to). The object of the preposition לְ can be an ending location.
Expression
Expression
And all that generation also were gathered to their fathers. And there arose another generation after them who did not know the Lord or the work that he had done for Israel.
Woodenly: "...were gathered to his fathers..."
Smoothed: "...were gathered to their fathers..." or "...died..."
יָכֹל
יָכֹל
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he gave them over to plunderers, who plundered them. And he sold them into the hand of their surrounding enemies, so that they could no longer withstand their enemies.
יָכֹל is very frequently followed by an infinitive construct.
Expression
Expression
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he gave them over to plunderers, who plundered them. And he sold them into the hand of their surrounding enemies, so that they could no longer withstand their enemies.
עוֹד + negation (לֹא) = "no longer"
Expression
Expression
Whenever they marched out, the hand of the Lord was against them for harm, as the Lord had warned, and as the Lord had sworn to them. And they were in terrible distress.
Macro-syntactic marker. בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר introduces an iterative idea into the clauses that follow it. Can be translated, "Whenever, whoever, whatever, etc." For the duration of the iterative clauses, all verbs should include "would" as in "Whenever the would go out..."
Expression
Expression
Whenever they marched out, the hand of the Lord was against them for harm, as the Lord had warned, and as the Lord had sworn to them. And they were in terrible distress.
The thing that is the object of the preposition לְ is receiving the distress. In English, the object of the preposition לְ becomes the subject of a passive צָרַר.
Woodenly: "And, It (the fact of the hand of the Lord being against them, etc.) produced for them great distress."
Smoothed: "And they would be greatly distressed." Even though וַיֵּצֶר is 3ms in an active stem.
Conjunction וְ
Conjunction וְ
Yet they did not listen to their judges, for they whored after other gods and bowed down to them. They soon turned aside from the way in which their fathers had walked, who had obeyed the commandments of the Lord, and they did not do so.
#552-555 Adversative Clauses (but). An adversative clause opposes another statement. It may state what is true instead of another clause, or state something that invalidates another clause. It can usually be translated with 'but.' The clause that is opposed is often negated with a word such as לֹא and usually precedes the adversative clause.
#432/552 Adversative וְ (but). The conjunction וְ can be used at the beginning of a clause that is in some way opposed to what precedes it (#552).
Adverb גַּם
Adverb גַּם
Yet they did not listen to their judges, for they whored after other gods and bowed down to them. They soon turned aside from the way in which their fathers had walked, who had obeyed the commandments of the Lord, and they did not do so.
#379 Emphatic גַּם (even, just). The adverb גַּם can be used to assert that there is great significance to or certainty of the words that follow the גַּם.
Preposition אֶל
Preposition אֶל
Yet they did not listen to their judges, for they whored after other gods and bowed down to them. They soon turned aside from the way in which their fathers had walked, who had obeyed the commandments of the Lord, and they did not do so.
#300 Indirect object אֶל (to, untranslated). The object of the preposition אֶל can be the indirect object of the verb.
Conjunction כִּי
Conjunction כִּי
Yet they did not listen to their judges, for they whored after other gods and bowed down to them. They soon turned aside from the way in which their fathers had walked, who had obeyed the commandments of the Lord, and they did not do so.
#447 Adversative כִּי (but, but rather, but instead). After a negative word, the conjunction כִּי (often followed by pleonastic אִם #457) can begin an adversative clause (#555).
Infinitive absolute
Infinitive absolute
Yet they did not listen to their judges, for they whored after other gods and bowed down to them. They soon turned aside from the way in which their fathers had walked, who had obeyed the commandments of the Lord, and they did not do so.
So the Lord left those nations, not driving them out quickly, and he did not give them into the hand of Joshua.
#204 Infinitive absolute as adverb of manner. An infinitive absolute can describe the style or manner with which the verb takes place. This is similar to the accusative of manner (#60).
Preposition מִן
Preposition מִן
Whenever the Lord raised up judges for them, the Lord was with the judge, and he saved them from the hand of their enemies all the days of the judge. For the Lord was moved to pity by their groaning because of those who afflicted and oppressed them.
Whenever the Lord raised up judges for them, the Lord was with the judge, and he saved them from the hand of their enemies all the days of the judge. For the Lord was moved to pity by their groaning because of those who afflicted and oppressed them.
#322 מִן for source (from, of). The object of the preposition מִן can be the thing or location from which something originates.
Preposition מִן
Preposition מִן
But whenever the judge died, they turned back and were more corrupt than their fathers, going after other gods, serving them and bowing down to them. They did not drop any of their practices or their stubborn ways.
#317 Comparative מִן (...-er than). The preposition מִן is used with an adjective to indicate comparison. Comparison is expressed by using a normal form of an adjective and the preposition מִן before the thing to which comparison is made. The comparison can be relative (e.g. 'taller than...' #317) or absolute ('too tall to...' #318).
Expression
Expression
But whenever the judge died, they turned back and were more corrupt than their fathers, going after other gods, serving them and bowing down to them. They did not drop any of their practices or their stubborn ways.
Woodenly: "They would not drop their deeds from them, nor their harsh ways from them."
Smoothed: "They would not drop their deeds and their harsh ways."
Preposition יַעַן
Preposition יַעַן
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he said, “Because this people have transgressed my covenant that I commanded their fathers and have not obeyed my voice,
#363b Causal יַעַן (because, because of). The word יַעַן always indicates the cause of something. It's object is usually an infinitive construct (#535), sometimes a clause (#534; sometimes beginning with אֲשֶׁר or כִּי), and rarely a substantive.
Exegetical point
Exegetical point
So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he said, “Because this people have transgressed my covenant that I commanded their fathers and have not obeyed my voice,
The Lord refers to Israel as "this nation" here, rather than "this people" or "the people" or "my people" or "Israel." He uses the same name for the nations Israel was supposed to dispossess.
Hendiadys
Hendiadys
I will no longer drive out before them any of the nations that Joshua left when he died,
#72 Hendiadys means that one meaning is expressed in two words. Whenever two substantives are joined by the conjunction וְ (#430b), they are a hendiadys if the combination expresses a single concept. To translate a hendiadys, the second substantive can often be translated as an adjective that modifies the first substantive.
#430b וְ in hendiadys is used to join two substantives in order to communicate one idea.
Hendiadys יָסַף
Hendiadys יָסַף
I will no longer drive out before them any of the nations that Joshua left when he died,
יָסַף in hendiadys, means "again, more," or "continue." In the negative, "no longer."
Preposition מִן
Preposition מִן
I will no longer drive out before them any of the nations that Joshua left when he died,
#324 Partitive מִן (some of, of). The object of the preposition מִן can be the whole from which a part is taken.
Preposition בְּ
Preposition בְּ
in order to test Israel by them, whether they will take care to walk in the way of the Lord as their fathers did, or not.”
#243 Instrumental בְּ (with, by). The preposition בְּ can indicate the means, instrument, or mechanism by which something happens.
Interrogative clause
Interrogative clause
in order to test Israel by them, whether they will take care to walk in the way of the Lord as their fathers did, or not.”
in order to test Israel by them, whether they will take care to walk in the way of the Lord as their fathers did, or not.”
#544 Disjunctive question with אוֹ / הֲ / וְאִם ... הֲ (whether ... or). A disjunctive question asks about two (or more) possibilities. The different possibilities may be negating (e.g. this or not this) or contrasting (e.g. strong or weak, wise or foolish). Disjunctive questions generally begin with הֲ before the first possibility. The second possibility is preceded by אִם or וְאִם (#455), by הֲ (less common), or by אוֹ (#443, rare).
וַיַּנַּ֤ח
וַיַּנַּ֤ח
So the Lord left those nations, not driving them out quickly, and he did not give them into the hand of Joshua.
This is a unique Hifil spelling of נוּחַ which points to a second set of meanings in the Hifil: "leave"