The Power of the Sword

Romans 13:3, 4

Bearing the Sword

Rulers are not a cause of fear for good behaviour, but for evil.  Do you want to have no fear of authority?  Do what is good and you will have praise from the same; for it is a minister of God to you for good.  But if you do what is evil, be afraid; for it does not bear the sword for nothing; for it is a minister of God, an avenger who brings wrath on the one who practices evil.[1]

oger Williams was a graduate of Cambridge University, where in order to receive his degree he was forced to sign articles declaring that the king was by right the head of the English Church, that worship according to the Book of Common Prayer and church government through bishops were lawful, and that the official creed of the church expressed true doctrine.[2]

Later, his open and bold Separatist convictions got him into trouble.  Upon being compelled to leave England for Massachusetts colony, Williams wrote, “It was bitter as death to me when Bishop Laud pursued me out of this land, and my conscience was persuaded against the national church and ceremonies and bishops.”[3]

To his dismay, Williams discovered that the religious climate was not much better on this side of the Atlantic.  His ideas of freedom and worship were contrary to those in the established church of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.  He curtly turned down the invitation to be the teacher of the largest church in the colony because the people were “unseparated,” that is, not distinctly Christian and clearly distinguishable from their non-Christian neighbours.

The smug, strait-laced fathers of the colony were infuriated when Williams went among the Narragansett Indians.  The Puritans did not count the native Americans whom they called “aborigines” as among God’s elect.  To their dismay, Williams told the Indians that the Great Spirit was the Creator of us all, and that like a parent the Great Spirit cared for his children.  The Great Spirit wanted men and women to treat one another as brothers and sisters.[4]

Rather than be deported back to England for his convictions, Roger Williams left Salem for the Narragansett Indian country.  He left his wife and two daughters, Mary and Freeborn, to trudge through the bitter cold and snow of the New England winter of 1636 for a site adjacent to Narragansett Bay where he bought land from the Indians.  There, he established what became Rhode Island Colony.

Williams named his settlement Providence Plantation, because he believed the providence of God led him there.  In Providence, he organised the first Baptist Church in what was to Europeans the “New World.”  Roger Williams is remembered as a man who stood against the illicit power of the state over the conscience of those who would worship God according to the dictates of their heart.  He stood for religious liberty, and that is the way in which we remember him to this day.

This example from Baptist history in the New World reminds us in dramatic fashion that government—especially government allied with church—bears considerable power to compel agreement with its will.  The message today seeks to reveal the power of government over the citizens and the role of Christians before the power of the sword.  We have already discovered that the power of government is not absolute.  There are limits to the submission of conscientious Christians to governmental dicta.

In the verses before us this day, we encounter the most difficult portion of this entire passage.  The presentation seems to take no account of the possibility that government may be tyrannical—that it may reward evil and suppress good.  It would be but a few years after Paul penned these words that Nero would launch a persecution against the people of Christ.  Multitudes would lose their lives, and not because they had done evil.  Throughout the ensuing years, emperors would lash out against the Christians in repeated waves of persecution stretching over two centuries.  These persecutions were not because of the good works of the Christians, nor even directly because of their Faith, but rather, as Stifler observes, because of “the mistaken notion that the peace and safety of the state were imperilled by the Christians’ refusal to honour the Gods.”[5]

The Power of Government to Enforce its Will — Let me make an admission at this point.  In the message two Sundays past, I wrote one thing, but stated another.  I wrote my understanding of Scripture and spoke out of my cultural/emotional background.  I taught you from Scripture that a Christian is obligated to refuse to obey unjust laws.  Those laws which proscribe evangelism, pervert morality, restrict the freedom of peaceable assembly, limit the freedom of speech, or regulate the freedom of worship must be resisted by the conscientious Christian.

Among the specific examples of resistance to unjust laws which are provided in Scripture, civil disobedience is approved, even expected, when the law forbids worship of God [Exodus 5:1].  Christians must conscientiously resist when the law commands believers to worship idols [Daniel 3], or commands believers to receive permission to pray [Daniel 6], or when the law commands believers to worship a man [Revelation 13].  The law must be disobeyed by believers when it commands the murder of innocent lives [Exodus 1:15-21] or when it commands that God’s servants be killed [1 Kings 18:1-4].  Finally, believers must refuse to obey any law which forbids propagation of the Gospel [Acts 4:17-19].

As an example of such resistance, I cited the examples of Corrie ten Boom, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, and Martin Niemöller, each imprisoned because of their resistance of the encroachments and injustice of the Nazi State.  I was very careful as I crafted the message to avoid advocating anything more than civil disobedience.  However, as I spoke, I noted that Bonhoeffer had joined an attempt on the life of Adolph Hitler, commenting that he was right to do so.

I confess that my cultural background got the best of me.  I struggle to find specific permission in the New Testament to engage in active resistance, even against a tyrannical government.  Certainly, I cannot encourage a church as a church, much less a denomination as a denomination, to engage in active resistance, even against a tyrannical government.  This confession is by way of admitting the difficulty encountered in applying this particular passage of the Word of God.

That government is said to bear the sword implies force.  God has given to government power to conduct its affairs.  It is easy enough to think of countries like North Korea or Iran operating by force.  We think of Canada as a free society, and compared to countries such as these, we suppose ourselves to be quite different.  Really, we are not so very different in that each form of government must use force to rule.

Examples of the coercive power of the state abound.  I need not be specific, as generalisations will suffice to demonstrate the point.[6]  For example, we have a system of “voluntary self-assessment” of income tax in this nation.  When you fill out your income tax forms each April you can read how we are a unique nation in that we “voluntarily” assess our own tax and “voluntarily” pay all those funds which keep our governments (both federal and provincial) operating.

Isn’t that wonderful?  However, “voluntary self-assessment” is not really voluntary.  Should you refuse to pay your income tax, you will be billed for the amount owing, plus interest (except for political appointees, such as Mr. Radwanski).  If you, however, refuse to pay after being billed, you will be arrested and your assets seized to pay the delinquent taxes.  Paying taxes is not voluntary at all.  It is mandatory, and the proof that it is mandatory is that government bears the sword to accomplish its will.

Another example might be provided by those who operate a business in this country.  Suppose your business becomes bogged down by the increasing number of governmental regulations for your business.  You are required to collect GST and remit it to the government, care for employment insurance and Canada Pension Plan contributions for your employees, meet health and safety regulations, obey the Workers Compensation Board requirements, and so on and so forth.  You have so much paper work to attend to that you decide you just will not bother to work for the government in these areas any longer.  Of course, you will be arrested and your business shut down.  The only logical conclusion is that government does bear the sword.

However much we may dislike the coercive power of government, it is a power granted by God.  Ideally, this power is given to ensure peace for the citizenry as that which is good is encouraged in society and that which is evil is held in check.

Civil and Social Power — There must be constraints to the use of the sword.  We have already discovered that government is restricted by God’s higher law, and Christians are responsible to distinguish between what is right and what is evil.  It may be beneficial for us to think carefully about the limits of government’s authority and power.  The limits, when defined, will also assist each of us to determine the point at which the conscientious Christian must engage in civil disobedience.

Paul says that civil government is “God’s servant,” and officials are “ministers of God.”  What can we say concerning the ministry or service which God has assigned to government?  Obviously, from our studies this service has to do with good and evil.  This service is essentially for the physical protection of the citizenry when it is wronged.  In the previous chapter of Romans, Paul warned Christians against seeking revenge when wronged.  In fact, Paul said that any vengeance belongs to God alone [Romans 12:19].

Thomas Schreiner has said, “We should not overlook the thematic connections to the previous chapter.  Believers are urged not to take vengeance but to leave vengeance to God [Romans 12:17-21]…  Romans 13 introduces an important qualification into the argument.  Though believers should not exact retribution from those who injure them, the state has a responsibility to punish malefactors so that society is spared from anarchy.”[7]

The statement, he does not bear the sword in vain, refers to government’s powerful authority to punish evil to the utmost.  The phrase can refer to both capital punishment and to the making of war when attacked.  In this statement, Paul is clear that individuals do not have the authority to execute punishment, but that government, which is established by God, does have that authority.

John Stott, writing of the distinction between the role of the state and that of the individual, says, “we may perhaps say that individuals are to live according to love rather than justice, whereas the state operates according to justice rather than love.”[8]  The statement is not precisely true, since it attempts to set love and justice in opposition to each other, and they are not exclusive.  It should be clear, however, that even though the state attempts to show love and compassion, it must keep as its primary concern, justice.

Returning to the focus of our study, the state is given power to defend its citizens from enemies outside the state and evildoers within the state.  That is, the state has the power to engage in war.  Within this recognition is justification for creating an armed force, conscripting citizens into those forces, taxing the citizens for the war effort, and moving the economy to support the war effort.  These are legitimate powers for the state, and they are justified by the need for the common defence.  The power to regulate the economy and the power to tax the citizens may not necessarily carry over into peacetime.

Within this context, we live in a nation which has historically permitted conscientious objectors to perform alternate service in time of war.  Those who truly believed war to be a violation of their Christian duties were exempted to perform other duties.  One could not simply evade responsibility, but one could serve in alternate ways.

The state has the power to defend the citizenry from evildoers within.  The state has received responsibility to provide for and maintain the social order.  This means that individuals who would threaten the state through fomenting civil unrest must be held in check.  One reason we Christians are to pray for those in authority is so that we may live a peaceful and quiet life [see 1 Timothy 2:1, 2].  Social order is good for Christians because it permits us to advance the Gospel.

The second area in which the state has received authority from God is to establish, exercise and maintain justice.  This is what Paul is talking about when he says the government is God’s servant for good and that it is a terror to bad [conduct].  Government is responsible to reward good behaviour and to punish bad behaviour.  This statement assumes a moral standard—a conviction that we can define good and evil.  If the state is to punish evil, there must be a moral standard to which not only the state, but also the individual citizen must conform.  In order to punish the evil, good must be defined.  There must be an objective moral standard which exists outside the state.

This point is vitally important for us as Canadians.  John Whitehead wrote a book called The Second American Revolution.[9]  Though the book was written for an American audience, it applies to Canada in light of our adoption of the Constitution Act of 1982 and consequent system of jurisprudence.  The revolution Whitehead writes about is a rejection of rule by law which is objective and unchanging for a malleable sociological law determined by jurists.  To explain this point, I appeal once more to Dr. Boice.[10]

“In 1907, [United States] Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes expressed the sociological understand of law for the first time officially when he said, ‘The Constitution is what the judges say it is.’  He meant that the justices are not bound by an absolute law.  Instead, they are free to find whatever they want in the law and even to change it.  So, there is no appeal beyond what the [United States] Supreme Court decides, even if it is contrary to what the Constitution or any other laws meant years ago.”

The Supreme Court of Canada has adopted this activist view of Justice Hughes, and thus today Canadian law has become evolutionary, constantly changing as the bench changes to reflect the militant attitudes of the current jurists.  Thirty years ago, American justices found a right or privacy within the American Constitution, something which none of the founding fathers could have imagined.  These actions permitted the silent holocaust which has witnessed the execution of millions of innocent babies in utero.  It serves now as the foundation for the “right” to medical execution, which is commonly known as euthanasia.  Of course, these concepts were later ratified by Canadian justices to permit abortion and suicide by physician in our nation as well.

More recently, the courts of Quebec, British Columbia and Ontario have discovered that marriage is not a union between one man and one woman, but rather marriage is whatever the courts determine it shall be.  Consequently, two men can now be “spouse and partner,” as can two women.  It is only a matter of time until we catch up to India and witness the right of a child to marry a stray dog.[11]  Adultery is, for all practical purposes, legal since the courts argue that the criteria for determining legality is whether an act is consensual and committed.  More worrisome yet is the very real prospect that some bright jurist will discover a right to paedophilia, so long as it is consensual.

When the American Constitution was written, the authors intended something quite different from what exists today.  The founding fathers clearly intended that the law would be supreme.  The United States was to be a nation governed by law, and not by men.  This particular concept passed into American jurisprudence from the monumental work Lex Rex, written by the Scottish jurist Samuel Rutherford and the English jurist William Blackstone, who worked the concept into English common law.

The American colonists believed in absolute law to which even the magistrates were responsible.  It was on this foundation that they judged themselves right to rebel against the British Crown.  It was precisely because King George had violated the rights of “life and liberty,” which had been given to them by the “Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God,” that they rebelled.  The state’s ability to act justly depends upon absolute law.  This is the only truly Christian approach to the authority of the state.  Apart from such absolute law, the possibility of equal justice for all becomes a phantom, and the citizens become subject to the changing whims of their judges.

The state has received the power to defend its citizens and to punish evildoers.  What is of importance for us today is that the state has no authority—and even less power—to actually change or reform the evildoer.  C. S. Lewis has clearly pointed out this truth in an essay entitled, The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment.[12]  Lewis distinguishes between the old idea of retributive justice, in which an individual has done wrong and is punished in accordance with the deed, and the humanitarian concept of justice in which the individual is disciplined in order to reform him.

The first is based on what was once known as “desert.”  It meant that the murderer is given a longer jail sentence than the thief because the first is a greater crime, and thus, the murderer deserves a greater punishment.  The second is based on what someone thinks might help or cure the criminal.

The Mosaic Law prescribed many kinds of punishment, all of which were appropriate to the offence committed.  For theft, punishment included restitution, returning that which was stolen or payment of equal value.  If the thief had no money with which to repay, the thief was required to work out his debt.

Again, referring to Mosaic Law, punishment was always public.  The offender was shamed before family, friends and society as deterrence.  Punishment was also generally corporal.  The lash of the whip brought immediate physical and bodily pain.  With the exception of execution, punishment was also short-term.  Once the penalty was paid, the offender was free to pursue life again.

If we appeal to the principles laid out in Mosaic Law, punishment is administered as a matter of justice, of appropriate retribution for a crime.  There was no concept of personal revenge.  Despite the pleas of psychologists, punishment is intended to be a deterrent to crime.  The guilty individual is to be discouraged from committing further wrong.  Mosaic Law required impartiality.  Wealth or social standing were not taken into consideration in meting out justice.  A fourth principle was that punishment was to be swift—without delay.  With a system of corporal punishment, most punishment could be administered on the spot.  A final principle was that with the exception of execution, following punishment was pardon and readmission into society.

Modern justice grew out of liberal Christianity.  It was Quakers who first established modern prisons as a humane means to rehabilitate criminals.  The terms we employ for these institutions—penitentiaries and reformatories—speak of our ambition to bring about penitence and to reform the criminal.  Heavy emphasis is placed upon the mental state of prisoners in the Canadian justice system.  Before release, all federal prisoners must pass through psychiatric testing and be cleared to return to society.

Our justice system is actually a mixture of the two concepts.  Jail sentences are supposed to be proportionate to the degree of crimes committed, but judges also mitigate on the basis of whether a prisoner is well behaved, whether alcohol was involved, whether the criminal had a bad childhood or suffers from mental illness, or even whether the person shows remorse.  Woe betide the prisoner who fails to say, “Sorry.”  Such an individual is not yet cured and may never be released from prison.

The argument Lewis presents is that, although the humanitarian view seems compassionate and thus enlightened (it claims to want only the well being of the criminal), it is actually cruel for several reasons.

It takes determination of the nature and length of the penalty out of the hands of judges, who affix it for all according to an objective legal standard, and places it in the hands of psychological experts who alone may determine when the criminal is well.

It debases the individual involved.  Instead of being a responsible moral agent, capable of doing wrong but also capable of paying a proper punishment for the wrong, the criminal becomes an object to be worked upon by the experts until he is “well” according to their definition.  This was the system employed in the former Soviet Union.

Lewis then writes, “If crime and disease are to be regarded as the same thing, it follows that any state of mind which our masters choose to call ‘disease’ can be treated as crime; and compulsorily cured.”[13]  This should concern Christians.  Christianity has never been popular, and in the name of curing “antisocial” or “intolerant” beliefs or actions, any government that is powerful enough could lock us away until we are cured.

On the basis of Romans 13:1-7, I am confident that the state has no business trying to cure criminals.  It is mandated by God to punish bad behaviour and to reward good behaviour.  That which is good is defined by the fixed standard of God.  In the long run, all that government can do is that which God has determined.

The Challenge for God’s People — The message demands the conclusion that our nation to be in a rather serious state of disrepair.  We are driven to the conclusion that government cannot develop morality.  This does not mean that government does not attempt to develop morality, but really, it cannot create morality.  Morality is fixed by God who gives life.

Modern governments seem intent on attempting to change our attitudes through censuring attitudes which they have concluded to be wrong.  As one example, “homophobia,” whatever that may be, is censured.  Unfortunately, homosexuality is actually promoted through the government’s desire to create tolerance for that which is against nature.  Moral people are simply not permitted to make the observation that homosexuality is a self-destructive behaviour which would die out in one generation if there were no further recruitment permitted.

Thought crimes are outlawed under the guise of restricting hatred.  Negative expressions concerning an identifiable group deemed hateful, are outlawed under modern law.  To be certain, Christians must not hate anyone—not even government thought police.  However, increasingly, we Christians are being censured as the new criminals because we are considered to be “intolerant.”  It seems not to matter that we sit with the sick and dying homosexual, or that we seek their welfare.  What the government is intent on changing is our insistence upon naming homosexuality as sin.

“Liberal intellectuals who gave us hate speech laws want to foster sensitivity, toleration, self-esteem, rejection of prejudice and bias through intolerance.  …[I]n a true liberal democracy the only legitimate way to decide who is right is by public criticism.

“The prevailing belief today is that people who hold wrong and hurtful opinions should be punished for the good of society…  This is a very dangerous principle that ‘one shall not hurt with words.’  …Today, there is ‘a social right’ not to be offended.  Words that wound … are now the subject of a social imperative in Canada and a crime.”[14]

Modern municipal governments seek to create a new morality through condemning smoking in public places.  Consequently, an individual’s right to private property is sacrificed for the right of the state to regulate whether the individual chooses to smoke or not.  It is of no consequence to the state that it is being enriched through extracting exorbitant taxes on the tobacco (a legal substance), they must regulate it still further.  Allied with these municipal virtucrats are provincial and federal moral police who pass laws restricting “second-hand” smoke and seeking to sue tobacco companies for selling that which has poured millions of dollars into federal and provincial treasuries.  Now, our government says that though smoking tobacco is wrong, smoking pot is fine!  Prohibition failed because the state cannot create morality, but the state hasn’t learned.

That which is virtuous, and therefore moral, is that which has been declared good by God.  Stealing is wrong because there exists a God-given right to private property.  Murder is wrong because there is an unalienable right to life.  Sexual activity outside of marriage is wrong because it reduces our fellow beings to a piece of meat designed to gratify our own ruling lusts, and it violates our holy oath sworn before God Himself.

Morality comes from revealed religion.  Christian people are the greatest asset this nation possesses.  If we were truly salt and light, we would have worked our way throughout society.  We do not need more laws; we need moral citizens who endeavour to honour God and hold the governors accountable to righteousness.  If our citizens are not moral, even the laws which we now have can be employed in an immoral fashion.  Far too many bright lawyers use existing laws to avoid paying debts, to escape imprisonment, to cheat the innocent and to oppress the poor.

There are biblical limits on how and when believers can disobey government.  “Disobedience is not allowed simply because the government limits religious freedom.  Rather, government must negate freedom.  All laws limit freedom.  It is the nature of law to draw lines so that one may know where his freedom ends and another person’s begins.”[15]  Consider the following examples which affect us in our worship.  Government regulations regarding zoning, building standards, or parking are not in themselves oppressive, and they should thus be obeyed.  Do they limit the freedom a church has?  Assuredly, freedom is limited.  However, they do not compel compromise of the conscience.  However, should a government mandate teachings or practises contrary to the Word of God, Christians in conscience must refuse to comply.

It should be evident to the conscientious believer following the outline of this message that the practical issue of obedience to the state is not easy for me to articulate.  It is not that Scripture is unclear.  Scripture is abundantly clear that we must not engage in active resistance to tyrannical government.  I accept that, though I struggle against it.  The question remains, if a state is immoral, can the Christian citizen justify resistance to tyranny?  The general rule is that Christian non-compliance to oppressive laws should be a refusal, but not a revolt.  Disobedience should be passive, not active.  Even when a believer cannot submit to the law, he must be willing to submit to the consequence of that law.

Peter refused to stop preaching Christ, but he did not refuse to go to jail [Acts 5].  Daniel refused to pray to the king, but he did not refuse to enter the lion’s den [Daniel 6].  The three Hebrew men would not bow, though they were willing to burn [Daniel 3].  The power of resistance is willingness to face the power of the sword.

One excellent example of this righteous attitude comes from the Hessian Anabaptists (c. 1538 a.d.).  Having been accused of sedition, their response was: “These who are not obedient to the authorities … should be punished with the sword by the imperial edict.  We do not want to be disobedient to worldly authorities.  If we have done evil, then we accept the adequate judgement.”[16]

We would do well to learn again the reality of Romans 8:28.  We know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose.  We have a promise in this text that God is able to find ways to bring good out of apparent evil.  Thus, even should the state turn against the people of God in a way which is actually evil, God will bring good out of the situation, even if the good comes eventually.

Difficult though it may be for us to imagine, Käsemann is correct in his remarks.  “Sometimes the Lord of the world speaks more audibly out of prison cells and graves than out of the life of churches which congratulate themselves on their concordat with the State.”[17]

Nevertheless, there remain two words of caution.  The first cautionary note is to Christians.  We must not blindly obey government.  We are obligated to honour those in authority, recognising that authority is granted.  We are to be in subjection to those in authority, realising that God is the author of authority.  We must be prepared to hold government accountable through righteous means.  I concur with Everett Harrison, who writes, “Christians will not as a church lead in revolution, but only as citizens of the commonwealth.  …[T]he Christian community is obligated to voice its criticism of the state’s failure, pointing out deviation from the divinely ordained pattern.  Subjection to the state is not to be confused with unthinking, blind, docile conformity.”[18]

The second word of caution is to those in authority as government.  Do not abuse Christ’s people.  He is jealous for His people.  And though He delays judgement of those who oppress His people, He shall always prevail and He shall avenge His holy people.  Governments that seek to impose tolerance of that which is intolerable to us as believers in the Risen Son of God, must be prepared to sink into oblivion if they fail to acknowledge the authority of God and the placement of His holy people.

The words I have spoken are not a challenge to anyone, but rather an exposition of the clear teaching of the Word of God.  To those who share our service out of duty, out of boredom, or out of mere convenience, our purpose is to present the claim of Christ Jesus as Lord of life.  Have you placed your faith in Him?  Have you received forgiveness of sin?  Are you counted as one of His precious children?

Within this congregation are individuals who have played at church.  You are religious, but there is scant evidence of your new life.  You will never stand when the days of evil come, and they are surely coming.  Either embrace Christ as Lord or remove yourself from this church.  You are a hindrance until such time that you are born from above.  We pray for your salvation and deliverance into the Kingdom of Light.  Amen.

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[1] Unless otherwise indicated, all Scripture quotations are from The Holy Bible, English Standard Version Ó 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a division of Good News Publishers.  Used by permission.  All rights reserved.

[2] H. Leon McBeth, The Baptist Heritage (Broadman Press, Nashville, TN 1987) 125

[3] McBeth, op. cit., 126

[4] O. K. And Marjorie, Baptists Who Shaped a Nation (Broadman Press, Nashville, TN 1975) 38

[5] James A. Stifler, The Epistle to the Romans (Moody, Chicago, IL 1960) 216

[6] The examples cited are suggested by James Montgomery Boice, Romans: Volume 4, The New Humanity, Romans 12-16 (Baker, Grand Rapids, MI 1995) 1656-7

[7] Thomas R. Schreiner, Paul: Apostle of God’s Glory in Christ (InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL 2001) 447, cited in Bill Haynes, What is the Role of Government, Biblically Speaking? (art.), http://www.aclj.org/news/bibpers/020107_role_of_govt.asp

[8] John Stott, Romans: God’s Good News for the World (InterVarsity Press, Wheaton, IL 1994) 344

[9] John W. Whitehead, The Second American Revolution (David C. Cook, Elgin, IL 1982)

[10] Boice, op. cit. 1659

[11] “Girl married to stray dog”, http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/WeirdNews/2003/06/19/114901-ap.html

[12] C. S. Lewis, “The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment” in God in the Dock: Essays on Theology and Ethics (Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, MI 1970) 287-94

[13] Lewis, op. cit. 293

[14] Edward L. Greenspan, “Don’t criminalize words that wound,” National Post, Friday, June 13, 2003, http://www.nationalpost.com/search/site/story.asp?id=AFA2BC47-E97F-460A-B9CC-AC20A4820DA9

[15] Norman L. Geisler, “A Premillennial View of Law and Government,” Bibliotheca Sacra, Vol. 142, #567, July, 1985, 262

[16] Franz Gunther, (ed.), Urkundliche Quellen zur hessishen, Timothy Dalzell (trans.), (Waldeck, Marburg, Ger. 1951), 179, cited in Geisler, op. cit., 263

[17] Ernst Käsemann, New Testament Questions Today (Fortress, Philadelphia, PA 1969) 215

[18] Everett F. Harrison, Romans, in Frank E. Gæbelein (ed.), The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI 1976) 138