Chapter 3 - The Canon of Scripture
Notes
Transcript
May 6th 2018
Sunday Night Bible Study @ RHCC
CHAPTER 3 – The Canon of Scripture
Systematic Theology by Wayne Grudem
Outline
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We must determine the canon of Scripture to properly study, trust, and obey God.
The Old Testament (OT) prophets and the New Testament (NT) apostles both played a similar role in
recording the words of God during their respective time periods.
The Apocrypha is not divinely authoritative and should not be included in the canon of Scripture.
The canon as we have it today (the sixty-six books of the Old and New Testaments) is reliable,
complete, and closed: no further books remain to be added, no existing books should be removed.
EXPLANATION AND SCRIPTURAL BASIS
The canon of Scripture is the list of all the books that belong in the Bible. We
must not underestimate the importance of determining which books belong in the Bible
because:
1. The words of Scripture are the words by which we nourish our spiritual lives.
Deuteronomy 32:47 For it is not an idle word for you; indeed it is your life. And by this word you will
prolong your days in the land, which you are about to cross the Jordan to possess.”
2. To add to or subtract from God’s words would be to prevent God’s people from obeying
Him fully.
Deuteronomy 4:2 You shall not add to the word which I am commanding you, nor take away from it, that
you may keep the commandments of the Lord your God which I command you.
A. The Old Testament Canon
1. The Bible itself testifies to the historical development of the canon.
a. The earliest collection of written words was the Ten Commandments, which God
himself wrote on two stone tablets. (Exodus 31:18)
Exodus 32:16 cf. Deuteronomy 4:13; 10:4 The tablets were God’s work, and the writing was
God’s writing engraved on the tablets.
b. The collection of authoritative words from God grew in size throughout the time of
Israel’s history.
i. Moses wrote additional works: the first 5 books of the Bible (Exodus 17:14)
Exodus 24:4 Moses wrote down all the words of the Lord. Then he arose early in the
morning, and built an altar at the foot of the mountain with twelve pillars for the twelve tribes
of Israel.
Exodus 34:27 Then the Lord said to Moses, “Write down these words, for in accordance with
these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel.”
Numbers 33:2 Moses recorded their starting places according to their journeys by the
command of the Lord, and these are their journeys according to their starting places.
Deuteronomy 31:22; 24-26 So Moses wrote this song the same day, and taught it to the
sons of Israel… It came about, when Moses finished writing the words of this law in a book
until they were complete, that Moses commanded the Levites who carried the ark of the
covenant of the Lord, saying, “Take this book of the law and place it beside the ark of the
covenant of the Lord your God, that it may remain there as a witness against you.
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ii. Joshua added to the words “in the book of the law of God.”
Joshua 24:26
And Joshua wrote these words in the book of the law of God; and he took a large stone and
set it up there under the oak that was by the sanctuary of the Lord.
a. In view of the command that the Lord gave through Moses not to add
to the law, Joshua must have been convinced that God authorized the
additional writing.
Deuteronomy 4:2
You shall not add to the word which I am commanding you, nor take away from it,
that you may keep the commandments of the Lord your God which I command you.
Deuteronomy 12:32
“ Whatever I command you, you shall be careful to do; you shall not add to nor take
away from it.
iii. Others in Israel, usually those who filled the office of prophet, wrote additional
words from God.
1 Samuel 10:25
Then Samuel told the people the ordinances of the kingdom, and wrote them in the book and
placed it before the Lord. And Samuel sent all the people away, each one to his house.
1 Chronicles 29:29
Now the acts of King David, from first to last, are written in the chronicles of Samuel the seer,
in the chronicles of Nathan the prophet and in the chronicles of Gad the seer,
2 Chronicles 20:34 cf. 1 Kings 16:7
Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, first to last, behold, they are written in the annals of
Jehu the son of Hanani, which is recorded in the Book of the Kings of Israel.
2 Chronicles 26:22
Now the rest of the acts of Uzziah, first to last, the prophet Isaiah, the son of Amoz, has
written.
2 Chronicles 32:32
Now the rest of the acts of Hezekiah and his deeds of devotion, behold, they are written in
the vision of Isaiah the prophet, the son of Amoz, in the Book of the Kings of Judah and
Israel.
Jeremiah 30:2
“Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel, ‘Write all the words which I have spoken to you in a
book.
Note: For other passages that illustrate the growth in the collection of written words from God see 2
Chronicles. 9: 29; 12: 15; 13: 22; Isaiah. 30: 8; Jeremiah. 29: 1; 36: 1 – 32; 45: 1; 51: 60; Ezekiel. 43:
11; Daniel. 7: 1; Habakkuk. 2: 2. Additions to it were usually through the agency of a prophet.
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c. The content of the Old Testament canon continued to grow until approximately 435
BC with the completion of Malachi.
i. The subsequent history of the Jewish people was recorded in other writings,
but they were not considered worthy to be included with the Scriptures.
1 Maccabees 4:45-46 (164 BC)
And they thought it best to tear it down, so that it would not be a lasting shame to them that
the Gentiles had defiled it. So they tore down the altar, and stored the stones in a convenient
place on the temple hill until a prophet should come to tell what to do with them.
1 Maccabees 9:27 (about 160 BC)
So there was great distress in Israel, such as had not been since the time that prophets
ceased to appear among them.
1 Maccabees 14:41
The Jews and their priests decided that Simon should be their leader and high priest forever,
until a trustworthy prophet should arise,
Josephus (39-100 AD) Against Apion 1.38-42 (written 95 AD)
We do not possess myriads of inconsistent books, conflicting with each other. Our books,
those which are justly accredited, are but two and twenty, and contain the record of all time.
Of these, five are the books of Moses, comprising the laws and the traditional history from the
birth of man down to the death of the lawgiver. This period falls only a little short of three
thousand years. From the death of Moses until Artaxerxes, who succeeded Xerxes as king of
Persia, the prophets subsequent to Moses wrote the history of the events of their own times
in thirteen books. The remaining four books contain hymns to God and precepts for the
conduct of human life.
From Artaxerxes to our own time the complete history has been written, but has not been
deemed worthy of equal credit with the earlier records, because of the failure of the exact
succession of the prophets.
We have given practical proof of our reverence for our own Scriptures. For, although such
long ages have now passed, no one has ventured either to add, or to remove, or to alter a
syllable; and it is an instinct with every Jew, from the day of his birth, to regard them as the
decrees of God, to abide by them, and, if need be, cheerfully to die for them.
Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin 11a
Our Rabbis taught: Since the death of the last prophets, Haggai, Zechariah and Malachai, the
Holy Spirit [of prophetic inspiration] departed from Israel; yet they were still able to avail
themselves of the Bath-kol. [literally, “daughter of a voice”; that is, an echo or a voice from
heaven]. Once when the Rabbis were met in the upper chamber of Gurya’s house in Jericho,
a Bath-kol was heard from Heaven, saying: ‘There is one amongst you who is worthy that the
Shechinah should rest on him as it did on Moses, but his generation does not merit it.’ The
Sages present set their eyes on Hillel the Elder [active 30 BC – 10 AD]. And when he died
they lamented and said: ‘Alas, the pious man, the humble man, the disciple of Ezra [is no
more].’
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Tosefta, Sotah 13:3, sections A-D:
A. When the latter prophets died, that is, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, then the Holy
Spirit came to an end in Israel
B. But even so, they made them hear [Heavenly messages] through an echo.
C. M ‘ŚH Š: Sages gathered together in the upper room of the house of Guria in Jericho,
and a heavenly echo came forth and said to them, “There is a man among you who is
worthy to receive the Holy Spirit, but this generation is unworthy of such an honor.” They
all set their eyes upon Hillel the elder.
D. And when he died, they said about him, “Woe for the humble man, woe for the pious
man, the disciple of Ezra.”
[Similar story: b.Yoma 9b; SongR 3.9.3]
Prayer of Azariah and the Prophet, Song of the Three Young
Men 15 (1-2 century BC)
And at this time there is no prince, or prophet, or leader.”
Dead Sea Scrolls, The Scroll of the Rule 11 (before 70 AD)
Until the coming of the Prophet and the Anointed of Aaron and Israel.
Sirach 49.10 (180 BC)
May the bones of the twelve prophets revive from where they lie, for they comforted the
people of Jacob and delivered them with confident hope.
Babylonian Talmud, Baba Bathra 14b-15a
Who wrote the Scriptures?—Moses wrote his own book and the portion of Balaam and Job.
Joshua wrote the book which bears his name and [the last] eight verses of the Pentateuch.
Samuel wrote the book which bears his name and the Book of Judges and Ruth. David wrote
the Book of Psalms, including in it the work of the elders, namely, Adam, Melchizedek,
Abraham, Moses, Heman, Yeduthun, Asaph, [15a] and the three sons of Korah. Jeremiah
wrote the book which bears his name, the Book of Kings, and Lamentations. Hezekiah and
his colleagues wrote (Mnemonic YMSHK) Isaiah, Proverbs, the Song of Songs and
Ecclesiastes. The Men of the Great Assembly wrote (Mnemonic KNDG) Ezekiel, the Twelve
Minor Prophets, Daniel and the Scroll of Ester. Ezra wrote the book that bears his name* and
the genealogies of the Book of Chronicles up to his own time. This confirms the opinion of
Rab, since Rab Judah has said in the name of Rab: Ezra did not leave Babylon to go up to
Eretz Yisrael until he had written his own genealogy. Who then finished it [the Book of
Chronicles]?—Nehemiah the son of Hachaliah.
* This includes Nehemiah.
The Books of the Apocrypha
1. The First Book of Esdras
2. The Second Book of Esdras
3. Tobit
4. Judith
5. The Additions to the Book of Esther
6. The Wisdom of Solomon
7. Ecclesiasticus, or the Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach
8. Baruch
9. The Letter of Jeremiah
10. The Prayer of Azariah and the song of the Three Young Men
11. Susanna
12. Bel and the Dragon
13. The Prayer of Manasseh
14. The First Book of the Maccabees
15. The Second Book of the Maccabees
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ii. There are no records of any dispute between Jesus and the Jews over the
extent of the canon, a fact confirmed by the testimony of other contemporary
Jewish literature, and by the New Testament authors’ use of the Old
Testament. Neither Jesus nor his apostles cite any of the books of the
Apocrypha or any other writings as having divine authority.
iii. What about the Apocrypha?
a. These books were never accepted by the Jews as Scripture.
b. The early church was of a mixed opinion on the issue, although most
of the evidence is decidedly against viewing the Apocrypha as
Scripture.
i.
The earliest Christian list of Old Testament books (AD 170) by
Melito of Sardis does not include the Apocrypha.
ii.
Eusebius and Athanasius both rejected the Apocrypha as being
part of the canon.
iii.
The Roman Catholic Church did not officially declare the
Apocrypha to be part of the canon (with the exception of 1 and 2
Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh) until 1546 at the Council of
Trent.
c. The writings of the Apocrypha should not be regarded as part of
Scripture: (1) they do not claim for themselves the same authority; (2)
they were not regarded as canonical by the Jews; (3) they were not
considered Scripture by Jesus and the apostles; and (4) they contain
teachings inconsistent with the rest of the Bible.
B. The New Testament Canon
The Old Testament closes with the expectation of the Messiah to come (Malachi. 3: 1 – 4;
4: 1 – 6). The next stage in redemptive history is the coming of the Messiah, and it is not
surprising that no further Scripture would be written until this next and greatest event in the
history of redemption occurred.
1. The New Testament canon begins with the writings of the apostles, who were given the
ability from the Holy Spirit to recall and interpret accurately the words and deeds of
Jesus.
John 14:26
But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name, He will teach you all things, and
bring to your remembrance all that I said to you.
John 16:13-14
But when He, the Spirit of truth, comes, He will guide you into all the truth; for He will not speak on His
own initiative, but whatever He hears, He will speak; and He will disclose to you what is to come. He will
glorify Me, for He will take of Mine and will disclose it to you.
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a. Those who have the office of apostle in the early church claim an authority
equal to that of the Old Testament prophets.
2 Peter 3:2
that you should remember the words spoken beforehand by the holy prophets and the
commandment of the Lord and Savior spoken by your apostles.
Acts 5:2-4
and kept back some of the price for himself, with his wife’s full knowledge, and bringing a
portion of it, he laid it at the apostles’ feet. But Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your
heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back some of the price of the land? While it
remained unsold, did it not remain your own? And after it was sold, was it not under your
control? Why is it that you have conceived this deed in your heart? You have not lied to men
but to God.”
1 Corinthians 2:9; 13
but just as it is written, “Things which eye has not seen and ear has not heard, And which
have not entered the heart of man, All that God has prepared for those who love Him.” (Isaiah
64:4; 65:17)… which things we also speak, not in words taught by human wisdom, but in
those taught by the Spirit, combining spiritual thoughts with spiritual words.
1 Corinthians 14:37
If anyone thinks he is a prophet or spiritual, let him recognize that the things which I write to
you are the Lord’s commandment.
2 Corinthians 13:3
since you are seeking for proof of the Christ who speaks in me, and who is not weak toward
you, but mighty in you.
Other similar verses could be mentioned (for example, Romans. 2: 16; Galatians. 1: 8 – 9; 1
Thessalonians. 2: 13; 4: 8, 15; 5: 27; 2 Thessalonians. 3: 6, 14).
2. Some of the New Testament writings are placed alongside the Old Testament canon as
part of Scripture.
2 Peter 3:16
as also in all his letters, speaking in them of these things, in which are some things hard to understand,
which the untaught and unstable distort, as they do also the rest of the Scriptures, to their own
destruction.
1 Timothy 5:17-18 cf. Luke 10:7
The elders who rule well are to be considered worthy of double honor, especially those who work hard at
preaching and teaching. For the Scripture says, “You shall not muzzle the ox while he is threshing,”
(Deuteronomy 25:4) and “The laborer is worthy of his wages.” (Luke 10:7)
3. If we accept the arguments for the traditional views of authorship of the New Testament
writings, then we have most of the New Testament in the canon because of direct
authorship by the apostles.
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4. What about:
a. Mark, Luke, Acts
i. All three were commonly acknowledged very early, probably because
of the respective authors’ close association with an apostle (Mark with
Peter and Luke with Paul).
b. Jude
i. Not accepted as early because of his quotation of 1 Enoch, but
accepted in virtue of the author’s connection with James and the fact
that he was the brother of Jesus.
c. Hebrews
i. Acceptance was urged by many in the church on the basis of assumed
Pauline authorship. However, many others rejected Pauline authorship
(e.g. Origen). Therefore its acceptance was not due primarily to a
belief in Pauline authorship, but rather the intrinsic qualities of the
book.
d. Ultimately for a book to belong in the canon, it is absolutely necessary that
the book have divine authorship.
5. Historical Evidence
Athanasius’ Easter Letter (367 AD), Letter 39.5, 7
Again it is not tedious to speak of the [books] of the New Testament. These are the four Gospels,
according to Matthew, Mark Luke, and John. Afterwards, the Acts of the Apostles and Epistles (called
Catholic), seven, viz. of James, one; of peter, two; of John, three; after these, one of Jude. In addition,
there are fourteen Epistles of Paul, written in this order. The first, to the Romans, then two to the
Corinthians; after these, to the Galatians; next, to the Ephesians; then to the Philippians; then to the
Colossians; after these, two to the Thessalonians, and that to the Hebrews; and again, two to Timothy;
one to Titus; and lastly, that to Philemon. And besides, the Revelation of John.
But for the greater exactness I add this also, writing of necessity; that there are other books besides these
not indeed included in the Canon, but appointed by the Fathers to be read by those who newly join us,
and who wish for instruction in the word of godliness. The Wisdom of Solomon, and the Wisdom of
Sirach, and Esther, and Judith, and Tobit, and that which is called the Teaching of the Apostles, and the
Shepherd. But the former, my brethren, are included in the Canon, the latter being [merely] read; nor is
there in any place a mention of apocryphal writings. But they are an invention of heretics, who write them
when they choose, bestowing upon them their approbation, and assigning to them a date, that so, using
them as ancient writings, they may find occasion to lead astray the simple.
1 Clement, 44.1-2 (95 AD)
Our Apostles also knew through our Lord Jesus Christ that there would be strife for the title of bishop.
For this cause, therefore, since they had received perfect foreknowledge, they appointed those who have
been already mentioned, and afterwards added the codicil that if they should fall asleep, other approved
men should succeed to their ministry.
Ignatius to the Romans 4.3 (110 AD)
I do not order you as did Peter and Paul; they were Apostles, I am a convict; they were free. I am even
until now a slave.
Ignatius to the Trallians 3.3b (110 AD)
I do not think myself competent, as a convict, to give you orders like an Apostle.
The Gospel according to Thomas, 114 (110 AD) (reason for not including)
Simon Peter said to them: Let Mary go away from us, for women are not worthy of life. Jesus said: Lo, I
shall lead her, so that I may make her a male, that she too may become a living spirit, resembling you
males. For every woman who makes herself a male will enter the kingdom of heaven.
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6. Should we expect more writings to be added to the canon?
a. There is a finality to the revelation of God in Christ and once this revelation
has been completed, no more is to be expected. The apostles and their close
companions report Christ’s words and deeds and interpret them with absolute
divine authority; therefore the canon is now closed.
Hebrews 1:1-2
God, after He spoke long ago to the fathers in the prophets in many portions and in many
ways, in these last days has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things,
through whom also He made the world.
Revelation 22:18-19
I testify to everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to
them, God will add to him the plagues which are written in this book; and if anyone takes
away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his part from the tree of
life and from the holy city, which are written in this book.
7. How do we know that we have the right books in the canon of Scripture?
a. Primary confidence based on the faithfulness of God. (Deuteronomy 32:47;
Matthew 4:4)
b. We are persuaded personally by the work of the Holy Spirit as we read
Scripture, and the historical data are helpful in informing us and giving
additional confirmation. (Hebrews 4:12)
8. Are there any books, hypothetical or actual, that deserve a place in the canon or are
there any strong objections to any book currently in the canon?
9. The canon of Scripture today is exactly what God wanted it to be, and it will stay that
way until Christ returns.
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SPECIAL TERMS
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Apocrypha – The collection of books included in the canon of Scripture by the Roman
Catholic Church but not included in the canon by Protestants (from the Greek word apocrypha,
"things that are hidden").
Apostle – a person sent by another; a messenger; envoy. This word is once used as a
descriptive designation of Jesus Christ, the Sent of the Father (Heb 3:1 John 20:21). It is,
however, generally used as designating the body of disciples to whom he intrusted the
organization of his church and the dissemination of his gospel, "the twelve," as they are called
(Matt 10:1 5; Mark3:14; Matt 10:1 Luke 6:13; 9:1)
Canon – The list of all the books that belong in the Bible (from the Greek κανών, G2834,
"reed; measuring rod; standard of measure")
Canonical – A term describing preserved writings that are deemed to have divine authorship
and therefore which are to be included in the canon of Scripture as God's authoritative words
in written form.
Covenant – a contract or agreement between two parties.
God-Breathed – Translation of the Greek word theopneustos (sometimes translated "inspired
by God"), which the Bible (2 Tim. 3:16) uses metaphorically to describe the words of Scripture
as being spoken by God.
History of Redemption – The series of events throughout history by which God acted to bring
about the salvation of his people.
Self-Attesting – The words would have borne witness to their own divine authorship as
Christians read them.
SCRIPTURE MEMORY PASSAGE
Hebrews 1:1-2
God, after He spoke long ago to the fathers in the prophets in many portions and in many ways, in
these last days has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, through whom
also He made the world.
NOTE: This outline is based on the outline published outline of Wayne Grudem when teaching this chapter to his
enrichment class at Scottsdale Bible Church.
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HYMN
“O Word of God Incarnate”
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"Scripture quotations taken from the New American Standard Bible® (NASB),
Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973,
1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation
Used by permission. www.Lockman.org"
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HEBREW BIBLE
CATHOLIC BIBLE
PROTESTANT BIBLE
Torah / Books of Moses
1) Bereshit / Genesis
2) Shemot / Exodus
3) VaYikra / Leviticus
4) BaMidbar / Numbers
5) Devarim / Deuteronomy
Pentateuch (Law)
1) Genesis
2) Exodus
3) Leviticus
4) Numbers
5) Deuteronomy
Law (Pentateuch)
1) Genesis
2) Exodus
3) Leviticus
4) Numbers
5) Deuteronomy
Nevi'im / Former Prophets
6) Joshua
7) Judges
8) Samuel (1&2)
9) Kings (1&2)
Historical Books
6) Joshua
7) Judges
8) Ruth
9) 1 Samuel
10) 2 Samuel
11) 1 Kings
12) 2 Kings
13) 1 Chronicles
14) 2 Chronicles
Historical Books
6) Joshua
7) Judges
8) Ruth
9) 1 Samuel
10) 2 Samuel
11) 1 Kings
12) 2 Kings
13) 1 Chronicles
14) 2 Chronicles
15) Ezra
16) Nehemiah
17) TOBIT
18) JUDITH
19) Esther (longer version)
20) 1 MACCABEES
21) 2 MACCABEES
15) Ezra
16) Nehemiah
Wisdom Books
22) Job
23) Psalms (150)
24) Proverbs
25) Ecclesiastes
26) Song of Solomon
27) WISDOM of Solomon
28) SIRACH, a.k.a.
Ecclesiasticus
Wisdom Books
18) Job
19) Psalms (150)
20) Proverbs
21) Ecclesiastes
22) Song of Solomon
Prophets
29) Isaiah
30) Jeremiah
31) Lamentations
32) BARUCH
(incl. LETTER of JER.)
33) Ezekiel
34) Daniel (14 chapters)
Prophets
23) Isaiah
24) Jeremiah
25) Lamentations
35) Hosea
36) Joel
37) Amos
38) Obadiah
39) Jonah
40) Micah
41) Nahum
42) Habakkuk
43) Zephaniah
44) Haggai
45) Zechariah
46) Malachi
28) Hosea
29) Joel
30) Amos
31) Obadiah
32) Jonah
33) Micah
34) Nahum
35) Habakkuk
36) Zephaniah
37) Haggai
38) Zechariah
39) Malachi
Nevi'im / Latter Prophets
10) Isaiah
11) Jeremiah
12) Ezekiel
13) The Book of the Twelve:
Hosea, Joel,
Amos, Obadiah,
Jonah, Micah,
Nahum, Habakkuk,
Zephaniah, Haggai,
Zechariah, Malachi
Khetuvim / Writings
14) Psalms (150)
15) Proverbs
16) Job
17) Song of Solomon
18) Ruth
19) Lamentations
20) Ecclesiastes
21) Esther (shorter version)
22) Daniel (12 chapters)
23) Ezra-Nehemiah
24) Chronicles (1&2)
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17) Esther (shorter version)
26) Ezekiel
27) Daniel (only 12 chapters)
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5-12-5-5-12
4-1-21-1
Old Testament: 5-12-5-5-12
5 – Pentateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
12 – History: Joshua, Judge, 1 & 2 Samuel, 1 & 2 Kings, 1 & 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Ester.
5 – Poetry: Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon
5 – Major Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel
12 – Minor Prophets: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai,
Zechariah, Malachi.
New Testament: 4-1-21-1
4 – Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John
1 – History: Acts
21 – Epistles: Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians,
1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1, 2, & 3 John, Jude.
1 – Prophecy: Revelation
Prepared by Chris Reighley
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/groups/RHCCBibleStudy/
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