Untitled Sermon (19)
The argument of this section is tightly knit and provides the basis for Paul’s appeal. He urges prayers for all kinds of individuals (ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀνθρώπων, v. 1), specifically those in authority (v. 2a), with a view to civil peace (v. 2b), in which godly living may flourish (v. 2c). The grounds for such prayer is that it is good and acceptable to God (v. 3), and particularly so as we contemplate him as the Savior who desires all sorts of people to be saved (v. 4). That God would have all sorts of people be saved is a necessary corollary of the truth of monotheism and of the provision of only one mediator, the man Christ Jesus (v. 5), and of the extent of the provision of the mediator’s ransom, which is for all sorts of people (v. 6). Paul’s own career in proclaiming this gospel to Gentiles (not just to Jews) bears out that the “all” (πάντες, vv. 1, 4, 6) encompasses all sorts of people (v. 7). Since all these things are true, people in every place should pray with a godliness in accord with such a gospel (v. 8).
In summary, these four terms delineate aspects of what should mark prayers: δεήσεις, making requests for specific needs; προσευχάς, bringing those in view before God; ἐντεύξεις, appealing boldly on their behalf; and εὐχαριστίας, thankfulness for them. That the four words are plural points to more than one expression of prayer and suggests the involvement of a number of those in the congregation, as does plural τοὺς ἄνδρας in v. 8.
βούλομαι (followed here and in 5:14; Tit. 3:8; Phil. 1:12; and Jude 5 by accusative plus infinitive) expresses an apostolic demand in the language of personal desire (“I want”; so NASB and NIV; RSV and NEB use equally strong “I desire”; note that the other Pauline uses of this verb denote the same strong sense: so BAGD; D. Müller, NIDNTT III, 1015–17; particularly G. Schrenk, TDNT I, 630–32, who relates the usage to Hellenistic Judaism, especially the LXX and Josephus, of the disposition of the royal will or of the lawgiver, and indicates that it refers here to “ordering by apostolic authority”). προσεύχεσχαι is used with the general meaning “to pray” and encapsulates the concern of v. 1.
χείρ is used with ἐπαίρω only here in the NT, even though it is also used with some thirteen other verbs in the NT and other early Christian literature (see BAGD s.v. 1 [880]). Raising of hands in prayer is known in the OT (Ex. 9:29; 17:11, 12; 1 Ki. 8:22, 54; Neh. 8:6; Pss. 28:2; 63:4; 141:2; 143:6; Is. 1:15; La. 2:19; 3:41; Hab. 3:10) and in Jewish (e.g., 2 Maccabees 3:20; 14:34; cf. Spicq; Str-B II, 26) and Gentile literature (cf. Wetstein; Wohlenberg; Deissmann, Light, 414ff.; Spicq), as well as among Christians (in catacomb illustrations and in 1 Clement 29; Clement of Alexandria, Strom. 7.7; Tertullian, Apol. 30). Paul may want to emphasize here the posture or gesture as appropriate to the seriousness and urgency of prayer in general and prayer for all people and authorities in particular and as providing for a unity of body and mind in prayer (the body joining with the voice and heart in being lifted up to God). But this does not seem to be the focus of this passage (cf. the full list of various biblical prayer postures in Hendriksen). The reference to “hands” seems to be introduced to serve as a vehicle for conveying his concern for holiness (ὁσίους χεῖρας, as in many of the OT references), which is then further emphasized by the following phrase (χωρὶς κτλ.).
The argument is as follows: Paul enjoins modesty and discretion for women’s apparel (v. 9a), indicates what should not characterize women’s lives (v. 9b), and returns to the spiritual adornment, “good works,” that befits their profession (v. 10). Next, he says that women are to learn, but, leading up to another prohibition, he emphasizes that their learning must be characterized by quietness and submission (v. 11). Specifically, he orders that women may not teach or exercise authority over men in the Christian community and its gatherings (v. 12). As grounds for this insistence, he appeals to the authority relationship established between man and woman in the representative man and woman, Adam and Eve, by means of the order of their creation (v. 13). This creation order is substantiated, or illustrated, by the great tragedy of the fall, when the leadership roles were reversed (v. 14). In conclusion Paul reminds women of God’s great promise to the woman (Gn. 3:15) that she would be saved by means of her seed if she responds to that seed in faith, love, and sanctity, with submission to God’s creation order, i.e., with self-restraint (v. 15).
Just as Christian men needed to be warned that their interest in vigor and discussion should not produce strife and dissension (v. 8), so Christian women needed to be warned that their interest in beauty and adornment should not produce immodesty and indiscretion.
Paul is advocating not just modesty in dress, but also that more time and energy be spent on spiritual adornment.