Theology Proper

I. The Essence of God

To speak of the essence of God is to speak about who God really is. By essence we mean "being". The word essence is derived from the Latin verb "to be" and is in turn a translation of the Greek word ousia, which also means "being". More than having being or existence, God is being. He makes this clear to all when He proclaims His name Jehovah (or Jahweh) to Moses and explains its meaning:(1)

Then God said to Moses, "I shall be who I am. This is what you will tell the sons of Israel: 'I am sent me to you.'" And God also said to Moses, "Thus you will say to the sons of Israel: 'the Lord [the "is"], the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, the God of Jacob sent me to you.' This is My Name forever, and this is how you are to think about me for all generations."

The being or essence of God is intrinsically sublime and resplendent. This inherent brilliance is often referred to in scripture as light and glory.

Light emphasizes the splendor of who He is as unapproachable and immaculate (; cf. ):

[God] who alone possesses immortality and dwells in unapproachable light, whom no man has ever seen, nor can see. God is light, and in Him there is no darkness.

Glory emphasizes the splendor of who He is shining visibly forth to mankind (; ; ; ; ; ), most prominently displayed through the glorious revelation of His Son, our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ (; ):

God, from antiquity having communicated to our fathers in the prophets at many times and in many ways, has in these last days communicated to us in a Son, [the One] whom He has appointed heir of all things, [the One] through whom He created the universe. He is the shining forth of [the Father's] glory, the precise image of His essence, the One who sustains the universe by His mighty Word . . .

As described in His Word, the Bible, His being is best considered in terms of His nature (i.e. the composition of His essence) and His character (i.e. the traits of His essence). God is infinite in nature and perfect in character.(2)

A. Infinity: God is infinite in His nature, unlimited and unbounded in every positive way:

Hear, O Israel: the Lord is our God, the Lord is one.

When firmly grasped, God's infinity – infinity in every way and according to any conceivable true standard – is a clarifying concept, illuminating His abilities. God's infinite nature will always be more than the highest, the best and the purest that the human mind can comprehend. Being One, all things come from Him and through Him (; ), and without Him nothing could exist (; ; ). Thus this oneness implies infinity – since He is the One all encompassing God. Oneness is at once all comprehending and yet incomprehensible. Everything else can be counted, except for Him who is "one", the one unique and infinite One, to whom there is no comparison in the finite world He has created.

1. God is Spiritual:(3)

God is spirit, and those who worship Him must do so in [His] Spirit and in [His] truth.

God's being transcends the physical universe. He is not limited or bounded by material issues or concerns. God is not subject to matter in any way. God is not made of matter – God created matter and employs it however He desires (; & 22; ; ; ; ; ; ; ).

2. God is Eternal:

Before the mountains were born, or you gave birth to the earth and world, from everlasting to everlasting, you are God.

God's being transcends time. He is not limited or bounded by temporal issues or concerns. God is not subject to time in any way. God is not constrained by time – God created time and employs it however He desires (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ).

3. God is Immeasurable:

Shall God really dwell on earth? Behold, the heavens – even the entire universe – cannot contain You! How much less this temple I have built.

God's being transcends space. He is not limited or bounded by spatial issues or concerns. God is not subject to space in any way. God is not confined by space – God created space and employs it however He desires (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ).

4. God is Unique:

"With whom will you compare Me that I should be equal [to him]?" says the Holy One.

Uniqueness comes from God's infinite nature. No one else in the universe can reasonably be compared to Him. He is absolutely unique within His own creation, and therefore the one Person to whom all honor is due. Uniqueness thus speaks to God's natural authority and ability to order the universe however He chooses. From the standpoint of His transcendence of the physical universe, He is unique by virtue of His spirituality, eternity and immeasurability. From the standpoint of His supremacy within the physical universe, He is unique by virtue of His omnipotence, omniscience and omnipresence (; ; ; ; , , , , ; ). Only God is able to create morally accountable creatures and a world in which they may exercise their free-will.

5. God is Omnipotent:

Behold, I am the Lord, the God of all mankind. Does any miracle lie beyond my power?

God is all-powerful, irrespective of matter. He can effect anything He desires in the material realm, and nothing can transpire apart from His will. Therefore there is no deed, nor was there ever, nor will there ever be which God is unable to do, small or great. As the Almighty One (; ), His ability to accomplish any event he desires within His creation now and forever is comprehensive and absolute (; ; ; ; ; ; [in Hebrew: see KJV]; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ).

6. God is Omniscient:

I am God – there exists no other One;   [I am] God – and nothing like Me exists. Since the [very] beginning, I have been making known the end; Since [eternity] past, things that have not yet been done.

God is all-knowing, irrespective of time. He can effect anything He desires in the temporal realm. Therefore God knows, always has known and always will know everything, the end from the beginning. As the Everlasting One (; ), His knowledge of every event that ever has or will or even could occur within His creation is comprehensive and absolute (; & 12; 147:5; ; ; ; ; ; ; ).

7. God is Omnipresent:

Where shall I go from your Spirit?     Or where shall I flee from before you? If I should ascend to heaven, you are there. If I should make my bed in Sheol, there you are. If I should wing my way to where the sun rises in the east, or take up residence beyond the furthest reaches of the western sea, Even there you would lead me by the hand, you would hold me fast with your [strong] right hand.

God is ever-present, irrespective of space. He can effect anything He desires in the spatial realm (). Therefore God has the ability, has always had and always will have, to be anywhere and everywhere, local and universal. As the Ever-Present One (), His ability to be present at any or every point within His creation whenever He desires is comprehensive and absolute (; ; ; ).

B. Perfection: God is perfect in His character, irreproachable and blameless in every possible way.

So be perfect, as your Father in Heaven is perfect.

When firmly grasped, God's perfection – perfection in every way and according to any conceivable true standard – is a clarifying concept, illuminating His motives. God's perfect character will never be less than the highest, the best and the purest that the human mind can comprehend.

1. God is Good ( KJV; ; ; ; ; ; ; KJV; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; KJV):

The Lord is good to everyone.  His kindness extends to everything He has made.

God's character is good (Hebrew tobh: טוב); it is the antithesis of evil. So how does goodness respond to sinful man? In His goodness, God always has our best interests at heart. Therefore His desire for us to be free from evil and devoted to good is genuine. Even though we are sinful and by nature unworthy of His blessing, in His goodness God has nevertheless found a gracious way to redeem us from sin without compromising His character, namely, by giving us the gift of His Son, Jesus Christ.

2. God is Holy (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ):

But just as He who has called you is holy, you too should be entirely holy in your behavior. For the scripture says:  Be holy, for I am holy.

God's character is holy (Hebrew qadhosh: קדוש); it is completely separate from evil. So how does holiness respond to sinful man? In His holiness, God can never compromise His perfect standards for any reason. Therefore His commitment to condemning evil and rewarding good is inviolable. But even though we are sinful and by nature deserving of His judgment, in His holiness God has nevertheless found a merciful way to justify us in spite of our sin without violating His character, namely, by judging His Son, Jesus Christ in our place.

3. God is Faithful and True (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; & 160; 143:1; 146:6; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; & 14; 15:3; 16:7):

O Lord, thou art my God.      I will exalt thee, I will praise thy name. For thou hast done wonderful things. Thy counsels of old are faithfulness and truth.    KJV

God's character is faithful and true (Hebrew: 'omen, 'emeth: אמת ,אמון); it is actively opposed to evil. So how do truth and faithfulness respond to sinful man? In His faithfulness and truth, God is entirely reliable and trustworthy in all that He promises to us and does for us. Therefore His veracity and dependability in offering us a way through Jesus Christ to escape the evil of death and embrace the good of eternal life are beyond reproach. So even though we are sinful and by nature objects of His wrath, in His faithfulness and truth God has nevertheless found a way to make peace between Himself and us and to remove the enmity between Himself and us, caused by our sins, without corrupting His character, namely, by reconciling us to Himself through the death of His Son, Jesus Christ.

4. God is Sovereign (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ):

But the Lord shall be seated as king forever:  He sets up His throne for judgment, to judge the world in righteousness, to render justice to its peoples.

Sovereignty comes from God's perfect character. No one else has a legitimate right to rule over the universe. He is the absolute sovereign within His own creation, and therefore the one Person to whom all honor is due. Sovereignty thus speaks to God's moral authority and right to order the universe however He chooses. From the standpoint of His transcendence of the moral universe, He is sovereign by virtue of His goodness, holiness and truth (essential qualities independent of His creation). From the standpoint of His supremacy within the moral universe, He is sovereign by virtue of His love, righteousness and life (qualities applying to His creation which correspond to goodness, holiness and truth). Only God is qualified to be the ultimate judge of the morally accountable creatures He has created, and thus to hold them responsible for their actions.(4) As de facto ruler of the universe (through His perfect nature) and de jure ruler of the universe (through His perfect character), God possesses the sovereign authority . . . . .

1) to demonstrate love to His sinful creatures out of His own goodness – not ignoring their sins, as evil suggests He should, but paying for them Himself by the death on the cross of His Son, Jesus Christ, in their place (redemption). We call the result of this act of His sovereignty grace (Hebrew chen: חן; Greek charis: χάρις ).

2) to administer justice to His sinful creatures out of His holiness – not abandoning them to their sins, as evil suggests He must, but forgiving them Himself on the basis of the death on the cross of His Son, Jesus Christ, in their place (justification). We call the result of this act of His sovereignty mercy (Hebrew chesed: חסד; Greek eleos: ἔλεος).

3) to give life to His sinful creatures out of His truth and faithfulness – not allowing them to die in their sins, as evil suggests He will, but reconciling them to Himself through the death on the cross of His Son, Jesus Christ, in their place (reconciliation). We call the result of this act of His sovereignty peace (Hebrew shalom:  שלום; Greek eirene: εἰρήνη).

5. God is Love (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ).

Whoever does not have love, does not know God, for God is love.

Having love for His creatures, is a natural consequence of God's goodness. Out of the intrinsic goodness of His character, God loves us with a perfect love, desiring to help us in our sinful state. However, He does not overlook His holiness and justice in the process and forgive our sin without consequence (as evil suggests He should). Therefore God had to find a way to reach out to us in love without compromising His character, and did so through the gift and sacrifice of His only Son on our behalf. Grace is the biblical name for God's policy of lovingly redeeming us from our sins through Jesus Christ. We accept and receive God's gracious offer of love and redemption by accepting and receiving the Lord Jesus Christ as our Savior.

6. God is Just (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; [not NIV]; , ; ; ; ; ; ).

Demanding justice for His creatures is a natural consequence of God's holiness. Out of the intrinsic holiness of His character, God must deal with us in perfect justice, righteously condemning us in our sinful state. However, He does not overlook His goodness and love in the process and abandon us to our sins (as evil suggests He will). For God found a way to treat us as righteous without compromising His character, and did so through the gift and sacrifice of His only Son on our behalf. Mercy is the biblical name for God's policy of justly forgiving us on the basis of the death of Jesus Christ. We accept and receive God's merciful offer of justification by accepting and receiving the Lord Jesus Christ as our Savior.

7. God is Life (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )

I am the way: the truth and the life.

Saving the lives of His creatures is a natural consequence of God's truth and faithfulness. Out of the intrinsic veracity and trustworthiness of His character, God honors His gracious and merciful promise to restore us to Himself and thereby to eternal life, delivering us from the condemnation of death accruing to us in our sinful state. In doing so, however, He has not failed to resolve the competing demands of His goodness and love on the one hand, with those of His holiness and justice on the other (as evil suggests He must). For God has found a way in accordance with His character toeliminate the wall of sin and consequent wrath which separates us from Him, and has done so through the gift and sacrifice of His only Son on our behalf (He died that we might have life). Peace is the biblical name for God's life-giving policy of reconciling us to Himself on the basis of the work of Jesus Christ. We accept and receive God's offer of life, peace and reconciliation by accepting and receiving the Lord Jesus Christ as our Savior.

Summary:

God's goodness overflows with love, providing grace for sinful Man:         though evil says a loving God can't condemn,         He did condemn His Son that we might live,         redeeming us in love with the blood of Christ.

God's holiness overflows in justice, offering mercy to sinful Man:         though evil says a just God can't forgive,         He did forgive us, by condemning His own Son,         making us righteous through the blood of Christ.

God's faithfulness and truth overflow in life, producing peace with God for sinful Man:         though evil says that a God of integrity can't restore us,         He did make peace between us through His Son,         reconciling us to Himself and granting us eternal life on the basis of the blood of Christ.