Gifts, The Body and The Proper Use of Tongues
Mission Strategy : Worship
Holy Spirit, Gifts of. Four New Testament passages delineate specific gifts that God’s Spirit gives to his people (Rom. 12:3–8; 1 Cor. 12–14; Eph. 4:7–13; 1 Peter 4:10–11). The terminology varies from ordinary words for gift (dōrea, dōma—Eph. 4:7–8) to a cognate of grace (charisma—Rom. 12:6; 1 Cor. 12:4, 9, 28, 30–31; 1 Peter 4:10), to a substantive formed from the adjective “spiritual” (pneumatika—1 Cor. 12:1; 14:1, 37). But the concept remains the same: distinctive, divinely originated endowments to serve the Triune God for the common benefit of his people, the church (Rom. 12:4–5; 1 Cor. 12:7; Eph. 4:12–13; 1 Peter 4:10). No text enables us to determine the relation of spiritual gifts to “natural” talents or abilities; scriptural examples suggest that some are given entirely de novo (e.g., the prophets and tongues-speakers in Acts 19:6), while others build on a lifetime of divinely superintended preparation (as with Paul’s apostleship, prepared for by his unique blend of Jewish, Greek, and Roman backgrounds). The Spirit must be given freedom to give his gifts any way he desires.
The four lists of spiritual gifts demonstrate significant overlap as well as important variations. This suggests that none of the lists, taken either individually or together, is intended to be comprehensive. Rather each is suggestive of the diversity of ways God endows Christians for spiritual service. Broader classifications may therefore suggest other gifts not specifically listed. One may distinguish between gifts that require miraculous intervention or divine revelation (e.g., prophecy, healings, miracles, tongues and their interpretation) from other less “supernatural” gifts, although one suspects that first-century Christians may have considered all of them supernatural to some extent. One may separate gifts of leadership (apostles, administrators, teachers, pastors, and evangelists) from the rest, although one must be careful not to confuse gifts with offices (humanly appointed positions of ecclesial authority). One may identify a number of gifts that apparently involve an extra measure of virtue or responsibility commanded of all Christians (e.g., faith, service, giving, mercy, or evangelizing) as over or against those for which some believers have no ability or responsibility (e.g., miracles, tongues, or administration). First Peter 4:11 suggests perhaps the simplest division (gifts of speech and gifts of serving). But a biblical theologian will wish to proceed differently, considering each of the three major Pauline passages in turn, interpreting each list in light of the larger historical and literary contexts of each epistle.