Black Hebrews/Israelites
Assyrian kings of the seventh century coerced their vassals into supplying troops for their military campaigns. One way then for Israelites to return to Egypt in ships would be in the Assyrian campaigns launched from the Phoenician coast in which they were obliged to take part. This represents continued oppression by foreign enemies, as the curses have detailed. Another possibility would include falling victim to Egypt’s slave trade in Syro-Palestine, where the slaves were often transported by ship.
Their detractors falsely claim to be Jews. What does this mean? We must keep in mind the fact that John, the writer of Revelation, is himself a Jew. The term may be used in the literal sense of people of the Jewish race, and given the large number of Jews in Smyrna, it is probable that these are Jews. But in denying their claim to be “Jews,” John is using the word in the extended sense of “God’s (chosen) people,” which Jews claimed to be. For him it is the Christians, and not the Jews, who are the chosen people (see Paul’s definition of authentic Jews in Rom 2:28–29; 9:8; Gal 6:15–16). John’s position is that Christians are the true people of God. If translators feel that translating Jews literally will give the wrong impression to readers, it will be helpful to say “those who say (claim) to be God’s people, but are not.”