Zechariah 2
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1 Long ago, at many times and in many ways, God spoke to our fathers by the prophets, 2 but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed the heir of all things, through whom also he created the world.
1 Long ago, at many times and in many ways, God spoke to our fathers by the prophets,
26 the mystery hidden for ages and generations but now revealed to his saints.
Rom
5 which was not made known to the sons of men in other generations as it has now been revealed to his holy apostles and prophets by the Spirit.
Context:
The Literary Structure of the Old Testament: A Commentary on Genesis–Malachi Chapter 37: Zechariah: Yahweh Will Again Live among His People
The book falls into two parts based on topic. Chapters 1–8 focus on rebuilding the temple, with exhortations to the postexilic community to build the temple and to repent of their former sinful ways. Chapters 9–14 shift to the topic of Israel’s future restoration. Zechariah, then, exhibits the same overall negative-to-positive arrangement as Haggai, Ezekiel, and other prophetic books.
Faithlife Study Bible Introduction to Zechariah
ike the prophet Haggai, Zechariah appears in 520 BC as a prophet to the Jewish exiles who returned to the promised land. Zechariah’s efforts are set against the backdrop of a trying time for God’s people. The story of Zechariah really begins back in 586 BC, when the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem and took most of its people back to Babylon (2 Kgs 25:1–21). In 538 BC the Persian king Cyrus allowed these deported Jews to return to their land and to begin rebuilding the temple (2 Chr 36:22–23; Ezra 1:1–4). The Historical Book of Nehemiah identifies Zechariah as part of a priestly family that returned to Jerusalem under the leadership of Zerubbabel the governor and the high priest Joshua (Neh 12:4, 16).
Haggai and Zechariah appears in 520 BC as a prophet to the Jewish exiles who returned to the promised land. Zechariah’s efforts are set against the backdrop of a trying time for God’s people.
To understand the story of Zechariah we have to look back to 586 BC, when the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem and took most of its people back to Babylon ().
In 538 BC the Persian king Cyrus allowed these deported Jews to return to their land and to begin rebuilding the temple (; ). The Historical Book of Nehemiah identifies Zechariah as part of a priestly family that returned to Jerusalem under the leadership of Zerubbabel the governor and the high priest Joshua (, ).
Zechariah falls into two parts based on topic. Chapters 1–8 focus on rebuilding the temple, with exhortations to the postexilic community to build the temple and to repent of their former sinful ways. Chapters 9–14 shift to the topic of Israel’s future restoration. Zechariah, then, exhibits the same overall negative-to-positive arrangement as Haggai, Ezekiel, and other prophetic books.
Zechariah falls into two parts based on topic. Chapters 1–8 focus on rebuilding the temple, with exhortations to the postexilic community to build the temple and to repent of their former sinful ways. Chapters 9–14 shift to the topic of Israel’s future restoration. Zechariah, then, exhibits the same overall negative-to-positive arrangement as Haggai, Ezekiel, and other prophetic books.
Structure:
The book of Zechariah has five sections.
It begins with an introductory call to repentance ().
Faithlife Study Bible Introduction to Zechariah
The book of Zechariah has five sections. It begins with an introductory call to repentance (Zech 1:1–6). The second, and longest, section (Zech 1:7–6:15) describes Zechariah’s eight visions, which he uses to challenge the people to rebuild the temple and affirm the leadership of Joshua and Zerubbabel. In the third section (Zech 7:1–8:23), four messages highlight the restoration of God’s relationship with His people, as summed up in God’s proclamation that they shall be His people and He will be their God (Zech 8:8).
The latter half of the book presents two oracles that use typical features of apocalyptic literature. The term “apocalyptic” comes from the Greek word meaning “revelation” or “uncovering,” and apocalyptic texts often describe visions using symbolic language and angelic interpreters. Other examples of apocalyptic literature within the Bible include the second half of Daniel and the New Testament book of Revelation. The first of Zechariah’s apocalyptic oracles (Zech 9:1–11:17) presents the coming messianic king as a warrior who will fight for Yahweh’s people. In the second oracle (Zech 12:1–14:21), the Messiah’s suffering leads to God’s ultimate victory. The New Testament includes many references to this part of Zechariah.
The second, and longest, section () describes Zechariah’s eight visions, which he uses to challenge the people to rebuild the temple and affirm the leadership of Joshua and Zerubbabel.
In the third section (), four messages highlight the restoration of God’s relationship with His people, as summed up in God’s proclamation that they shall be His people and He will be their God ().
The latter half of the book presents two oracles that use typical features of apocalyptic literature. The term “apocalyptic” comes from the Greek word meaning “revelation” or “uncovering,” and apocalyptic texts often describe visions using symbolic language and angelic interpreters. Other examples of apocalyptic literature within the Bible include the second half of Daniel and the New Testament book of Revelation. The first of Zechariah’s apocalyptic oracles () presents the coming messianic king as a warrior who will fight for Yahweh’s people. In the second oracle (), the Messiah’s suffering leads to God’s ultimate victory. The New Testament includes many references to this part of Zechariah.
The first of Zechariah’s apocalyptic oracles () presents the coming messianic king as a warrior who will fight for Yahweh’s people.
In the second oracle (), the Messiah’s suffering leads to God’s ultimate victory. The New Testament includes many references to this part of Zechariah.
Prophetic visions ()
Prophetic visions ()
a four horsemen, four horns, and four smiths (horses of four different colors) who patrol the earth (hithallēk bāʾāres): Israel and the nations (1:7–21 [1:7–2:4])
b man and the measuring line: Yahweh is coming to dwell in Jerusalem; the exiles should leave Babylon and return to Jerusalem, which will be restored (2:1–13 [2:5–17])
c Yahweh’s house (temple) purified; high priest’s iniquity is removed; sin of the land will be removed (3:1–10)
d CENTER: the temple will be completed! lampstand and olive trees; prophet awakes (4:1–14)
The Literary Structure of the Old Testament: A Commentary on Genesis–Malachi Chapter 37: Zechariah: Yahweh Will Again Live among His People
37.2 Prophetic visions (Zechariah 1:7–6:8)
a four horsemen, four horns, and four smiths (horses of four different colors) who patrol the earth (hithallēk bāʾāres): Israel and the nations (1:7–21 [1:7–2:4])
b man and the measuring line: Yahweh is coming to dwell in Jerusalem; the exiles should leave Babylon and return to Jerusalem, which will be restored (2:1–13 [2:5–17])
c Yahweh’s house (temple) purified; high priest’s iniquity is removed; sin of the land will be removed (3:1–10)
d CENTER: the temple will be completed! lampstand and olive trees; prophet awakes (4:1–14)
c′ every sinner’s house is cursed: the scroll (same dimensions as tabernacle) with the curses goes out over the land to bring a curse on any sinner (5:1–4)
b′ women and the measuring basket (ephah): Israel’s iniquity is carried back to Babylon, where a house will be built for it to dwell in (5:5–11)
a′ four chariots (with horses of four different colors) who patrol the earth (hithallēk bāʾāres): Israel and the nations (6:1–8)
c′ every sinner’s house is cursed: the scroll (same dimensions as tabernacle) with the curses goes out over the land to bring a curse on any sinner (5:1–4)
b′ women and the measuring basket (ephah): Israel’s iniquity is carried back to Babylon, where a house will be built for it to dwell in (5:5–11)
a′ four chariots (with horses of four different colors) who patrol the earth (hithallēk bāʾāres): Israel and the nations (6:1–8)
a. four horseman (1.7-210
b. man and the measuring line (2.1-13)
c. YHWH’s house (temple) purified (3. 1-10)
d CENTER: the temple will be completed (4.1-14)
c’. every sinner’s house is cursed (5.1-5)
b’. woman and the measuring basket (5.5-11)
a’. four chariots (6.1-8)
The glory of God was in the nations during the exile.
Typology:
8.1
1 And I lifted my eyes and saw, and behold, a man with a measuring line in his hand!
The Man v.1
The measurer is the Creator-Lord, now engaged in redemptive re-creation as the architect and almighty constructer of the new cosmos, the heavenly city, New Jerusalem. describes the pre-incarnate Jesus with a measuring tool in his hand as well. We also see that this man should be seen as the same man of chapter who rides the red horse and stands among the myrtle tree tree, who is identified as the Angle of the Lord (1.11). The man is one who measures, and measuring is a divine action throughout the scriptures (; ; ; ).
Preincarnate Jesus
Measuring is a divine action
Same man on the red horse in 1.8, 10 (angel of the Lord)
Measuring is a divine action
The man in Ezekiel used his tools to measure and build a building
The tool here in Zech. has a tool used for measuring out open country, lots of land.
Measuring is a divine action
God measures Creation - ; ; ; ;
8.4
2 Then I said, “Where are you going?” And he said to me, “To measure Jerusalem, to see what is its width and what is its length.”
Where are you going?
Cities are not measured by how wide or long they are.
This measurement is is how you would measure a building
3 And behold, the angel who talked with me came forward, and another angel came forward to meet him
4 and said to him, “Run, say to that young man, ‘Jerusalem shall be inhabited as villages without walls, because of the multitude of people and livestock in it.
A city with no walls (accept the wall of fire)
Zechariah is a young man
Jerusalem shall be inhabited as villages without walls (פְּרָזוֹת open country), The Jerusalem that Christ is measuring is the new Jerusalem that will be cosmic in scale. Ezekiel references this land without walls (), and mentions how the desolate Jerusalem will one day be like the Garden of Eden (). However we see in verse 5 that God himself will be to her a wall of fire. There are two walls of fire that come to mind the pillar of fire in Exodus which created a wall between Israel and the Egyptians. We also see a wall of fire in the garden after the fall in the form of a sword that move in each direction guarding the tree of life.
,
Garden city, not a city with walls, but a garden city that spreads out throughout the land.
People and livestock
Garden of Eden is where we see man and beast dwelling together. And part of the hope of the future is for man and beast to dwell together again in a renewed edenic state (). The fact that there will be a multitude of both people and livestock speaks a glorious future where the promises that the nations will come and worship the Lord together (; ; Gen 17.14-16 (father of nations); ps 47.9; Rev 7)
multitude of people (nations)
; ; gen 17.14-16 (father of nations); ps 47.9
Multitude of both
glorious future.
When Christ goes out to measures
5 And I will be to her a wall of fire all around, declares the Lord, and I will be the glory in her midst.’ ”
Zech 2
Wall of fire
The reason they don’t need walls is because God will protect them
- God is wall of fire to protect the people.
a new exodus - leave Babylon (Persia has taken over)
Glory in her midst
Kline notes that the new Jerusalem will be paradise restored but it will be more than simple restoration of the holy garden city of Eden, for in it the manifestation of the glory is not confined to a focal center. God’s fiery presence fill the eternal city to its unwalled limits ().
Now he is saying that will move back in
6 Up! Up! Flee from the land of the north, declares the Lord. For I have spread you abroad as the four winds of the heavens, declares the Lord.
Four Winds of Heaven
Land of the North - land of babylon
The four winds of heaven are mentioned in other passages (; ; ; ). These passages relate to events that have cosmic significance. Usually the four winds refer to world wide event of either judgement or salvation. Here, Zechariah records that the people of God will be made the four who have been spread abroad by God himself. This is the people of God bringing the message of life and salvation () to the ends of the earth, thus populating the new Jerusalem with multitudes representing ever tribe and nations.
- Cherubim -
2 Daniel declared, “I saw in my vision by night, and behold, the four winds of heaven were stirring up the great sea.
stirring up the great sea from which the four beasts come, these beasts are gentile rulers.
- Angelic power (four horseman)
1 After this I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth, holding back the four winds of the earth, that no wind might blow on earth or sea or against any tree.
The four winds are judgement on the earth the four horseman
Four horseman have a world wide affect
- human armies
36 And I will bring upon Elam the four winds from the four quarters of heaven. And I will scatter them to all those winds, and there shall be no nation to which those driven out of Elam shall not come.
Human armies that God brings in to bring judgement on the Elamites.
- Evangelist
9 Then he said to me, “Prophesy to the breath; prophesy, son of man, and say to the breath, Thus says the Lord God: Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe on these slain, that they may live.”
Evangelists, bring the Holy Spirit to those who are dead and causes them to come to life
5 And the angel answered and said to me, “These are going out to the four winds of heaven, after presenting themselves before the Lord of all the earth.
Zech 6
four Chariots of God that go out to patrol the earth
So what does this mean?
The four-winds cause things to happen on a world wide scale. Judgement or salvation.
6 Up! Up! Flee from the land of the north, declares the Lord. For I have spread you abroad as the four winds of the heavens, declares the Lord.
Zech 6
I have spread you out AS the four winds
The people of God have been spread out, given dominion over the whole earth.
They are given the power of judgement and salvation
7 Up! Escape to Zion, you who dwell with the daughter of Babylon.
contrast with v. 10
this is a spiritual dwelling not a physical dwelling
8 For thus said the Lord of hosts, after his glory sent me to the nations who plundered you, for he who touches you touches the apple of his eye:
pupal of the eye - sensitive.
9 “Behold, I will shake my hand over them, and they shall become plunder for those who served them. Then you will know that the Lord of hosts has sent me.
Preaching:
God will poke their eyes
Slaves will plunder them - Exodus story.
Esther is the first fulfillment:
10 Sing and rejoice, O daughter of Zion, for behold, I come and I will dwell in your midst, declares the Lord.
Daughter of Zion is the population of Zion
YHWH himself is coming back, he will tabernacle with you
11 And many nations shall join themselves to the Lord in that day, and shall be my people. And I will dwell in your midst, and you shall know that the Lord of hosts has sent me to you.
12 And the Lord will inherit Judah as his portion in the holy land, and will again choose Jerusalem.”
1-5 The Divine Architect
This is marriage talk “God will choose Jerusalem”
What is is that God is doing in our world? He is building for himself a city, a city without walls, a city that will be guarded and protected by God himself. This city is the new eden, the new Jerusalem which is currently under construction in our world today.
13 Be silent, all flesh, before the Lord, for he has roused himself from his holy dwelling.
6-9 The Divine Commission
What is God calling us to do in this city? God has sent us as the four winds to bring the good news of the gospel to the ends of the earth; we are to bring the words of life to the multitudes so that they would join us in the city God is building. He has called us to live as faithful citizens of his city, as daughters of Zion rather than daughters of Babylon. And he has promised to fight for us as the apple of his eye. We go devote ourselves to this commission knowing that he will be with us.
10-13 The Divine Union
What is the hope of those who become citizens of God’s city? The people of God are to worship, sing and rejoice, for God dwells in the midst of this city. We have hope because God’s project will not fail, for the nations shall join themselves to the Lord and become his people. And God will join himself to his people covenant union.
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