Vision and Strategy
In the first half of Ephesians the apostle has unfolded for his readers the eternal plan of God with its goal of summing up all things in Christ. His direct appeal in chapter 4 is based on the foundation of their being reconciled in Christ and made part of God’s new humanity.
1 - Jesus’ Vision for Us.
2 - Jesus’ Stratergy
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The New Testament contains five such lists (Rom. 12:6–8; 1 Cor. 12:8–10, 28–30; Eph. 4:11–12; cf. 1 Pet. 4:10–11) which between them number more than twenty different gifts, some of which are not particularly spectacular (cf. Rom. 12:8). Each list diverges significantly from the others. None is complete, but each is selective and illustrative, with no effort to force the various gifts into a neat scheme. Even together all five do not present a full catalogue of gifts.
The specific mention, first of all, that Christ gave apostles and prophets corresponds to the earlier references in 2:20 and 3:5 (see the exegesis above) to their foundational role as the authoritative recipients and proclaimers of the mystery of Christ (note also their appearance first in Paul’s list of 1 Corinthians 12:28). Because of the mention of evangelists, pastors, and teachers, many modern commentators have concluded that the apostles and prophets had passed from the scene by the time Ephesians was written and had been replaced by a second generation of ministers. But this conclusion is unnecessary. Evangelists, pastors, and teachers exercised their ministry during the apostles’ time and subsequently, and were no doubt the church workers whom most of the readers had encountered. Many did not know the apostle Paul. It was his fellow-evangelists through whom the gospel was proclaimed outside Ephesus, while towards the end of his ministry the term ‘pastor’ or ‘shepherd’ was used alongside ‘overseer’ and ‘elder’ to describe church leaders (cf. Acts 20:17, 28, where ‘elders’ are ‘overseers’ who ‘pastor’ the flock). (Note particularly the example of Epaphras, through whom the congregations at Colossae, Laodicea, and Hierapolis were founded: Col. 1:7–8; 4:12–13.)
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Pastors
The term ‘pastor’ is used only here in the New Testament to refer to a ministry in the church, although the related verb ‘to shepherd’ appears several times in this sense (Acts 20:28; 1 Pet. 5:2; cf. John 21:16), and the noun ‘flock’ is used of the church (Acts 20:28–29; 1 Pet. 5:2, 3). Pastors, whose functions are similar to those of overseers (cf. Phil. 1:1) and elders (cf. Acts 20:17, with 28; also 14:23; 1 Tim. 4:14; 5:17, 19, etc.), exercise leadership through nurture and care of the congregation. They manage the church (1 Thess. 5:12; Rom. 12:8), and are to be regarded in love ‘because of their work’. The imagery of the shepherd, which was applied to God (Gen. 49:24; Ps. 23:1; 80:1; 40:11) to denote the way he cared for and protected his people, as well as to leaders (both good and bad) in Israel (2 Sam. 5:2; Ps. 78:71; Jer. 23:2; Ezek. 34:11), comes to be applied to church leaders as those who carry on Jesus’ pastoral ministry. He is the Good Shepherd, who cares for God’s flock (John 10:11–18; Matt. 18:12–14; Luke 15:3–7; Heb. 13:20; 1 Pet. 2:25; 5:4). Leaders in the church are exhorted to be ‘shepherds of God’s flock’ (1 Pet. 5:2; Acts 20:28) who pattern their pastoral ministry after Christ’s example.
All pastors teach (since teaching is an essential part of pastoral ministry), but not all teachers are also pastors. The latter exercise their leadership role by feeding God’s flock with his word