Muddied Waters
Muddied Waters
you are neither cold nor hot This imagery may allude to the water system at Laodicea. The city had no water supply of its own; it had cold water piped in from Colossae or hot water piped in from the springs at Hierapolis. When the water arrived in the city, it had become lukewarm. Like the water, the church at Laodicea was neither refreshing (like cold water) nor healing (like hot spring water)
I am rich Thanks to its banking industry, Laodicea was a wealthy city. Like the city, the church there had convinced itself that it was self-sufficient—but was deceived about its true spiritual state.
gold refined by fire Describes true wealth, as opposed to the money the Laodiceans made from commercial pursuits. This is a metaphor for removing sin
eye salve The Laodicean medical school was known for producing eye salve. Christ prescribes His salve as the cure for spiritual blindness.
I stand at the door and knock Describes a request for a renewal of fellowship (e.g., Song 5:2). In their self-sufficiency, the church in Laodicea had locked Christ out. He wants them to repent and, ultimately, take part in the coming messianic banquet (Rev 19:9)
Pergamum Pergamum was famous for its civilization and learning. It was home to the pagan cults of Zeus, Athena, Dionysus, and Asclepius.
Dionysos, the Greek god of ecstasy
Dominant among the traits of Dionysos is his anti-structural character. In cult, he is associated with rituals and festivals of reversal; myths tell of his foreign origin and surround him with his own crowd of menads and satyrs, ecstatic women and ithyphallic, sexually aroused and frequently drunk animal-like males, free from the bonds of ordinary behaviour of the genders in Greek society; already in late Archaic times, he had become the divinity of mystery cults who in turn break away from the polis order
Athena is the main polis divinity in Greek religion. The Romans identified her with Minerva
Athena, on the other hand, is the warlike protectress of the polis against enemy attacks; as such, she protects the warriors
Zeus is the main divinity of the Greek pantheon
Zeus, father of men and gods”
Lord Zeus”, proves, as having the power of a father in a patriarchal system. This role, which implies unrestricted power as well as its control by father-like benignity
Zeus deposed his father Kronos, who in turn had deposed and castrated his father Uranos; after his accession to power, Zeus fought the Giants and the monster Typhon who attacked his reign, and disposed the actual order of things by attributing to each divinity his or her respective sphere: to his brothers →Poseidon and →Hades-Pluton, he allotted two thirds of the cosmos, to the one the sea, to the other the netherworld; to his sisters Hera, his wife, and →Demeter, and to his many divine children their respective domains in the world of the humans; mankind had been preexistent to Zeus’ reign
Some in Pergamum adopted a stance of religious compromise and encouraged others to do so. By being sexually immoral and participating in pagan activities, the individual would avoid being ostracized
̱ar: A verb meaning to cover, to forgive, to expiate, to reconcile