John20:19-23 The Commission for a Quarantined Church
Notes
Transcript
19 In the evening of that first day of the week, the disciples were gathered together with the doors locked because of their fear of the Jews. Then Jesus came, stood among them, and said to them, “Peace to you!”
20 Having said this, He showed them His hands and His side. So the disciples rejoiced when they saw the Lord.
21 Jesus said to them again, “Peace to you! As the Father has sent Me, I also send you.” 22 After saying this, He breathed on them and said, “Receive the Holy Spirit. 23 If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven them; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained.”
John20:19-23
John20:19-23
The Commission for a Quarantined Church
The Commission for a Quarantined Church
Before the Day of Pentecost, the disciples were similar to many Christians today. Rather than advancing upon the lost world with the message of Christ, they were hiding behind closed doors (see John 20:19). Unlike the great spiritual army they were supposed to be, they were simply “holding out” in a room, hiding for fear of the Jews.
Before the Day of Pentecost, the disciples were similar to many Christians today. Rather than advancing upon the lost world with the message of Christ, they were hiding behind closed doors (see John 20:19). Unlike the great spiritual army they were supposed to be, they were simply “holding out” in a room, hiding for fear of the Jews.
1. The Fear That Shut The Doors
19 In the evening of that first day of the week, the disciples were gathered together with the doors locked because of their fear of the Jews.
1. The Fear That Shut The Doors
19 In the evening of that first day of the week, the disciples were gathered together with the doors locked because of their fear of the Jews.
The disciples have gathered together on Sunday night because of what has happened. They are very afraid and must be feeling down, disillusioned, discouraged, defeated, and depressed.
That same evening, Jesus supernaturally traveled through the walls of a house where the eleven disciples were gathered, miraculously appearing right in front of them. John 20:19 tells us about this amazing event: "Then the same day at evening, being the first day of the week, when the doors were shut where the disciples were assembled for fear of the Jews...." This verse says that when the disciples gathered for dinner, they made certain "... the doors were shut...." The word "door" is thura, which lets us know this was a door that was large and solid. But as if this were not enough, the verse tells us that these doors "were shut." The word "shut" is the Greek word kleio, meaning locked. Doors of this kind were usually locked with a heavy bolt that slid through rings attached to the door and the frame—like the dead-bolts we use in doors today, only heavier. This door would be difficult, if not impossible, to break down. The fact that it was locked "for fear of the Jews" tells us that the disciples had moved into a mode of self-preservation and protection. With rumors of Jesus' resurrection already filling the city of Jerusalem, there was no certainty that the leaders who crucified Jesus wouldn't try to arrest the rest of the apostles and do the same to them as they had to Jesus. We know that the Roman guards who fled the resurrection site "... shewed unto the chief priests all the things that were done" (Matthew 28:11). To prevent the people of Israel from knowing the truth of Jesus' resurrection, the chief priests and elders bribed the soldiers to keep their mouths shut about what they had seen. Verse 12 tells us, "And when they were assembled with the elders, and had taken counsel, they gave large money unto the soldiers." The chief priests and elders fabricated a story and told the soldiers what they were to say when people asked them what happened: "... Say ye, His disciples came by night, and stole him away while we slept" (v. 13). The soldiers' admission that they had slept on the job would deem them worthy of punishment in Pilate's sight, so the religious leaders further assured them, "And if this come to the governor's ears, we will persuade him, and secure you" (v. 14). The soldiers listened to the religious leaders' plan and were satisfied with the amount of money being offered to them to keep silent. Verse 15 then says, "So they took the money, and did as they were taught...." Once the chief priests and elders had bought the testimony of the Roman guards, they were positioned to make some serious arrests. First, we know that they were already asserting that the disciples had stolen the body of Jesus. But to steal the body, they had to either overpower the Roman guards or creep past them as they slept. Either way, this would be deemed a terrible dishonor to the guards' reputation. And if the disciples were caught, they'd potentially be put to death for this action. To open the tomb, the governor's seal had to be broken. Breaking that seal was an offense that required the death sentence, for this was a breach of the empire's power. No doubt the same angry mobs who cheered while Jesus carried His crossbeam to Golgotha were still in the city. The city was already in turmoil due to such strange happenings—the sky turning dark in the middle of the day with no natural explanation; the veil of the temple rent in half; the various earthquakes shaking the entire surrounding territory. It wouldn't take too much to put the whole city on edge and turn them against the disciples. This is why the disciples were locked behind closed doors that evening.
The disciples have gathered together on Sunday night because of what has happened. They are very afraid and must be feeling down, disillusioned, discouraged, defeated, and depressed.
That same evening, Jesus supernaturally traveled through the walls of a house where the eleven disciples were gathered, miraculously appearing right in front of them. John 20:19 tells us about this amazing event: "Then the same day at evening, being the first day of the week, when the doors were shut where the disciples were assembled for fear of the Jews...." This verse says that when the disciples gathered for dinner, they made certain "... the doors were shut...." The word "door" is thura, which lets us know this was a door that was large and solid. But as if this were not enough, the verse tells us that these doors "were shut." The word "shut" is the Greek word kleio, meaning locked. Doors of this kind were usually locked with a heavy bolt that slid through rings attached to the door and the frame—like the dead-bolts we use in doors today, only heavier. This door would be difficult, if not impossible, to break down. The fact that it was locked "for fear of the Jews" tells us that the disciples had moved into a mode of self-preservation and protection. With rumors of Jesus' resurrection already filling the city of Jerusalem, there was no certainty that the leaders who crucified Jesus wouldn't try to arrest the rest of the apostles and do the same to them as they had to Jesus. We know that the Roman guards who fled the resurrection site "... shewed unto the chief priests all the things that were done" (Matthew 28:11). To prevent the people of Israel from knowing the truth of Jesus' resurrection, the chief priests and elders bribed the soldiers to keep their mouths shut about what they had seen. Verse 12 tells us, "And when they were assembled with the elders, and had taken counsel, they gave large money unto the soldiers." The chief priests and elders fabricated a story and told the soldiers what they were to say when people asked them what happened: "... Say ye, His disciples came by night, and stole him away while we slept" (v. 13). The soldiers' admission that they had slept on the job would deem them worthy of punishment in Pilate's sight, so the religious leaders further assured them, "And if this come to the governor's ears, we will persuade him, and secure you" (v. 14). The soldiers listened to the religious leaders' plan and were satisfied with the amount of money being offered to them to keep silent. Verse 15 then says, "So they took the money, and did as they were taught...." Once the chief priests and elders had bought the testimony of the Roman guards, they were positioned to make some serious arrests. First, we know that they were already asserting that the disciples had stolen the body of Jesus. But to steal the body, they had to either overpower the Roman guards or creep past them as they slept. Either way, this would be deemed a terrible dishonor to the guards' reputation. And if the disciples were caught, they'd potentially be put to death for this action. To open the tomb, the governor's seal had to be broken. Breaking that seal was an offense that required the death sentence, for this was a breach of the empire's power. No doubt the same angry mobs who cheered while Jesus carried His crossbeam to Golgotha were still in the city. The city was already in turmoil due to such strange happenings—the sky turning dark in the middle of the day with no natural explanation; the veil of the temple rent in half; the various earthquakes shaking the entire surrounding territory. It wouldn't take too much to put the whole city on edge and turn them against the disciples. This is why the disciples were locked behind closed doors that evening.
2. The Friend That Saved The Day
19c. Then Jesus came, stood among them, and said to them, “Peace to you!”
2. The Friend That Saved The Day
19c. Then Jesus came, stood among them, and said to them, “Peace to you!”
But although the doors were sealed tightly shut, Jesus supernaturally passed right through solid matter and appeared in the midst of the disciples. John 20:19 says Jesus came "... and stood in the midst, and saith unto them, Peace be unto you." No doubt this sudden appearance must have terrified the disciples. Luke 24:37 tells us that "... they were terrified and affrighted, and supposed that they had seen a spirit." This is why Jesus told them, "... Why are ye troubled? and why do thoughts arise in your hearts? Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have" (vv. 38, 39). Notice Jesus said, "... Handle me...." This is the Greek word psilaphao, and it literally means to touch, to squeeze, or to feel. He gave the disciples permission to examine His resurrected body to see that it was a real body and not a spirit. All of a sudden Jesus asked them, "... Have ye here any meat?" The following verses say, "And they gave him a piece of a broiled fish, and of an honeycomb. And he took it, and did eat before them" (Luke 24:42, 43). After eating the fish and honeycomb, Jesus began to speak to them from the Scriptures, pointing out key Old Testament prophecies having to do with Himself. Luke 24:45 says, "Then opened he their understanding, that they might understand the scriptures." Jesus explained to the disciples that repentance would have to be preached in His name among all the nations, but that it was to begin in Jerusalem. This is when He told them, "... As my Father hath sent me, even so send I you" (John 20:21).
But although the doors were sealed tightly shut, Jesus supernaturally passed right through solid matter and appeared in the midst of the disciples. John 20:19 says Jesus came "... and stood in the midst, and saith unto them, Peace be unto you." No doubt this sudden appearance must have terrified the disciples. Luke 24:37 tells us that "... they were terrified and affrighted, and supposed that they had seen a spirit." This is why Jesus told them, "... Why are ye troubled? and why do thoughts arise in your hearts? Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have" (vv. 38, 39). Notice Jesus said, "... Handle me...." This is the Greek word psilaphao, and it literally means to touch, to squeeze, or to feel. He gave the disciples permission to examine His resurrected body to see that it was a real body and not a spirit. All of a sudden Jesus asked them, "... Have ye here any meat?" The following verses say, "And they gave him a piece of a broiled fish, and of an honeycomb. And he took it, and did eat before them" (Luke 24:42, 43). After eating the fish and honeycomb, Jesus began to speak to them from the Scriptures, pointing out key Old Testament prophecies having to do with Himself. Luke 24:45 says, "Then opened he their understanding, that they might understand the scriptures." Jesus explained to the disciples that repentance would have to be preached in His name among all the nations, but that it was to begin in Jerusalem. This is when He told them, "... As my Father hath sent me, even so send I you" (John 20:21).
3. The Fulness That Strengthened The Disciples
22 After saying this, He breathed on them and said, “Receive the Holy Spirit.
3. The Fulness That Strengthened The Disciples
22 After saying this, He breathed on them and said, “Receive the Holy Spirit.
The only place in the New Testament where this verb is used:
The only place in the New Testament where this verb is used:
1704. ἐμφυσάω emphusaō verb Breathe on, blow in, infuse.
In the New Testament emphusaō is found only in John 20:22 where Jesus breathed (enephusēsen) on the disciples and said, “Receive ye the Holy Ghost.” Most likely the use of emphusaō by John refers to the bestowal of life as in the Septuagint in Genesis 2:7; Ezekiel 37:9; and Wisdom of Solomon 15:11. As at the first creation when God breathed life into Adam, so Jesus breathed the Holy Spirit into the disciples, bringing a new creation and spiritual life. By the Spirit the disciples were united to the risen Lord so they shared in His life.
1704. ἐμφυσάω emphusaō verb Breathe on, blow in, infuse.
In the New Testament emphusaō is found only in John 20:22 where Jesus breathed (enephusēsen) on the disciples and said, “Receive ye the Holy Ghost.” Most likely the use of emphusaō by John refers to the bestowal of life as in the Septuagint in Genesis 2:7; Ezekiel 37:9; and Wisdom of Solomon 15:11. As at the first creation when God breathed life into Adam, so Jesus breathed the Holy Spirit into the disciples, bringing a new creation and spiritual life. By the Spirit the disciples were united to the risen Lord so they shared in His life.
Thus John 20:22 becomes the climax to the entire Gospel. The Spirit— suggested throughout his public ministry, promised in the Upper Room, and symbolized at the cross—is now given to the disciples in a provocative and personal way. Jesus breathes (on them) and says, "Receive [the] Holy Spirit." John 20:22 fulfills the word given at the Feast of Tabernacles, where Jesus' offer of living water referred to the Holy Spirit, which could not be distributed until Jesus was glorified John 7:39 (HCSB)
39 He said this about the Spirit. Those who believed in Jesus were going to receive the Spirit, for the Spirit had not yet been received because Jesus had not yet been glorified. Now the hour of glorification has reached its climax. Jesus is departing, and he places the Spirit that is within him in their lives.
Thus John 20:22 becomes the climax to the entire Gospel. The Spirit— suggested throughout his public ministry, promised in the Upper Room, and symbolized at the cross—is now given to the disciples in a provocative and personal way. Jesus breathes (on them) and says, "Receive [the] Holy Spirit." John 20:22 fulfills the word given at the Feast of Tabernacles, where Jesus' offer of living water referred to the Holy Spirit, which could not be distributed until Jesus was glorified John 7:39 (HCSB)
39 He said this about the Spirit. Those who believed in Jesus were going to receive the Spirit, for the Spirit had not yet been received because Jesus had not yet been glorified. Now the hour of glorification has reached its climax. Jesus is departing, and he places the Spirit that is within him in their lives.
4. The Faith That Sealed The Destiny
23 If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven them; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained.”
4. The Faith That Sealed The Destiny
23 If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven them; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained.”
The duty of the disciples was to proclaim the forgiveness of sins; the actual forgiving would take place in heaven by the Lord who paid for those sins. Nevertheless, the claims of the gospel are clear—forgiveness only on the basis of Jesus’ death on the cross.
The duty of the disciples was to proclaim the forgiveness of sins; the actual forgiving would take place in heaven by the Lord who paid for those sins. Nevertheless, the claims of the gospel are clear—forgiveness only on the basis of Jesus’ death on the cross.
Morris notes, “It should also be borne in mind that, according to the best text, the verbs ‘are forgiven’ and ‘are retained’ are in the perfect tense. The meaning of this is that the Spirit-filled church can pronounce with authority that the sins of such-and-such men have been forgiven or have been retained. If the church is really acting under the leadership of the Spirit it will be found that her pronouncements on this matter do but reveal what has already been determined in heaven” (Morris, p. 849).
Morris notes, “It should also be borne in mind that, according to the best text, the verbs ‘are forgiven’ and ‘are retained’ are in the perfect tense. The meaning of this is that the Spirit-filled church can pronounce with authority that the sins of such-and-such men have been forgiven or have been retained. If the church is really acting under the leadership of the Spirit it will be found that her pronouncements on this matter do but reveal what has already been determined in heaven” (Morris, p. 849).
His Presence
His Presence
Christ came through the locked doors in His glorified body and brought the fearful men peace.
Christ came through the locked doors in His glorified body and brought the fearful men peace.
In spite of all their precautions, they are faced with an unexpected surprise. Jesus shows up out of nowhere. So much for their security measures. Beloved, our security outside of Christ is insecure whether it's in guns, bombs, dogs, alarm systems, jobs, money, or other people. For this reason it is vital we are trusting the Lord with our lives in all things, knowing that whatever happens to us, He is in control. The disciples planned to keep out any problems or people from entering with barred doors, but God shows that He can intervene in our schemes and plans. He wants to be right in the midst, right at the center of our lives. Is He at the center of your life? Do you include Him in your plans?
In spite of all their precautions, they are faced with an unexpected surprise. Jesus shows up out of nowhere. So much for their security measures. Beloved, our security outside of Christ is insecure whether it's in guns, bombs, dogs, alarm systems, jobs, money, or other people. For this reason it is vital we are trusting the Lord with our lives in all things, knowing that whatever happens to us, He is in control. The disciples planned to keep out any problems or people from entering with barred doors, but God shows that He can intervene in our schemes and plans. He wants to be right in the midst, right at the center of our lives. Is He at the center of your life? Do you include Him in your plans?
His Peace
His Peace
Note that twice He speaks of peace (vv. 19, 21). The first “peace” is peace with God, based on His sacrifice on the cross. That is why He showed them His hands and side. The second peace is the peace of God that comes from His presence with us (see Phil. 4). He commissioned them to take His place as the Father’s ambassadors in the world.
Note that twice He speaks of peace (vv. 19, 21). The first “peace” is peace with God, based on His sacrifice on the cross. That is why He showed them His hands and side. The second peace is the peace of God that comes from His presence with us (see Phil. 4). He commissioned them to take His place as the Father’s ambassadors in the world.
The Greek word Jesus used for peace means=a state of freedom from anxiety and inner turmoil-peace, freedom from worry.
The Greek word Jesus used for peace means=a state of freedom from anxiety and inner turmoil-peace, freedom from worry.
The kind of peace Jesus gives is an inner peace in an outer storm.
The kind of peace Jesus gives is an inner peace in an outer storm.
In spite of their security, they were not at rest or peace as we will see, but the presence of Christ will give them a calm and comfort. Jesus appears in His resurrected body and speaks to them for the first time since His crucifixion and death. They have been unfaithful and forsook Him. What will He say to break the ice? Will He chew them out and scold them with words like, "Shame on you!" They would deserve it. Will He demand and explanation for their betrayal? Will He tell them, "Forget you guys!" or "I'll have nothing else to do with you. You are a bunch of failures!" No, this is not what the Lord does. Jesus graciously and humbly says, "Shalom, peace to you." The idea here is, "May you be saved from trouble." He offers peace in spite of their past failures, but that's the Lord for you.
In spite of their security, they were not at rest or peace as we will see, but the presence of Christ will give them a calm and comfort. Jesus appears in His resurrected body and speaks to them for the first time since His crucifixion and death. They have been unfaithful and forsook Him. What will He say to break the ice? Will He chew them out and scold them with words like, "Shame on you!" They would deserve it. Will He demand and explanation for their betrayal? Will He tell them, "Forget you guys!" or "I'll have nothing else to do with you. You are a bunch of failures!" No, this is not what the Lord does. Jesus graciously and humbly says, "Shalom, peace to you." The idea here is, "May you be saved from trouble." He offers peace in spite of their past failures, but that's the Lord for you.
His PROOF
His PROOF
At this meeting Jesus “showed unto them his hands and his side” (John 20:20). ”Unless I see the nail marks in his hands and put my finger where the nails were, and put my hand into his side, I will not believe it”
At this meeting Jesus “showed unto them his hands and his side” (John 20:20). ”Unless I see the nail marks in his hands and put my finger where the nails were, and put my hand into his side, I will not believe it”
Thomas spoke for the whole world: “Give me proof and I’ll believe!”
Thomas spoke for the whole world: “Give me proof and I’ll believe!”
Thomas demanded proof to believe. Do you blame him? His hopes and dreams dashed, Thomas was drowning in depression and doubt no way he could believe the unbelievable, not without proof.
Thomas demanded proof to believe. Do you blame him? His hopes and dreams dashed, Thomas was drowning in depression and doubt no way he could believe the unbelievable, not without proof.
These were the very things Thomas said he wanted to see if he was going to believe. But, by missing the Sunday night service, he missed the very thing he demanded to see.
These were the very things Thomas said he wanted to see if he was going to believe. But, by missing the Sunday night service, he missed the very thing he demanded to see.
Thomas reminds me of some of our Baptist members always demanding to see what they could have seen if they come to church.
Thomas reminds me of some of our Baptist members always demanding to see what they could have seen if they come to church.
PRAISE
PRAISE
“Then were the disciples glad, when they saw the Lord” (John 20:20).
“Then were the disciples glad, when they saw the Lord” (John 20:20).
Saw in the Greek means more than mere sight. It is seeing with understanding. Indeed, were they ever glad? But Thomas did not sound glad when he met up with the disciples later, for he was complaining about not believing until he saw the hands and side of Christ. Missing the Sunday night service does not add to your joy. No worldly happiness will make up for the spiritual joy you will miss when you miss worship.
Saw in the Greek means more than mere sight. It is seeing with understanding. Indeed, were they ever glad? But Thomas did not sound glad when he met up with the disciples later, for he was complaining about not believing until he saw the hands and side of Christ. Missing the Sunday night service does not add to your joy. No worldly happiness will make up for the spiritual joy you will miss when you miss worship.
PURPOSE
PURPOSE
At this meeting Christ commissioned the disciples for service. He said, “As my Father hath sent me, even so send I you” (John 20:21). And if you lack a commission from God, you will lack purpose. So much of the world is wandering about looking for meaning and purpose in life. Their problem is a result of disregarding God’s purpose in their lives.
At this meeting Christ commissioned the disciples for service. He said, “As my Father hath sent me, even so send I you” (John 20:21). And if you lack a commission from God, you will lack purpose. So much of the world is wandering about looking for meaning and purpose in life. Their problem is a result of disregarding God’s purpose in their lives.
Yes, some things can be almost unbearable and overwhelming. So how do we cope? Better yet, how do we conquer our circumstances? How do we live ABOVE them? We want to answer this question in this message. The disciples have assembled together on Sunday evening, the day that Christ arose. They are down in the dumps and afraid. The door has been barred shut. Their intention was to keep people out, but that plan went Kapoot when Jesus showed up right in the middle of them. God has a way of intervening where we don't want intervention. Jesus knows their hearts and tells them to be at peace. They are most likely shocked at what they saw. They probably didn't believe it either because Jesus showed them His hands and side to confirm His existence. "Hey guys! It is really me!" When they realized it was the Lord, then they were glad. John 20:20-21—And when he had so said, he shewed unto them his hands and his side. Then were the disciples glad, when they saw the Lord. [21] Then said Jesus to them again. Peace be unto you: as my Father hath sent me, even so send I you. The word "glad" is from the Greek word chairo which means "to rejoice exceedingly or thrive." This reveals some interesting insights. The first offer of peace in this room, Shalom, dealt with their conscience, their feelings of guilt from betrayal and failure (vs. 19). The second offer of peace in verse 21, was for their hearts and to calm their fears. The first offer of peace dealt with their position before God. (It's OK guys to be at peace.) The second "peace" dealt with the condition in the world. (Don't be afraid.) The first offer of peace dealt with peace WITH God. The second one referred to the peace OF God. The first "peace" dealt with the consequences of the atonement; we have peace with God because of Calvary. The second "peace" is peace from communion with Christ that calms our fears. In spite of the stress from society they were facing, the pressure from their peers, and their fears, the disciples rejoice and rise above their circumstances. They were glad, thriving, rejoicing exceedingly. Jesus fulfilled His promise.
Yes, some things can be almost unbearable and overwhelming. So how do we cope? Better yet, how do we conquer our circumstances? How do we live ABOVE them? We want to answer this question in this message. The disciples have assembled together on Sunday evening, the day that Christ arose. They are down in the dumps and afraid. The door has been barred shut. Their intention was to keep people out, but that plan went Kapoot when Jesus showed up right in the middle of them. God has a way of intervening where we don't want intervention. Jesus knows their hearts and tells them to be at peace. They are most likely shocked at what they saw. They probably didn't believe it either because Jesus showed them His hands and side to confirm His existence. "Hey guys! It is really me!" When they realized it was the Lord, then they were glad. John 20:20-21—And when he had so said, he shewed unto them his hands and his side. Then were the disciples glad, when they saw the Lord. [21] Then said Jesus to them again. Peace be unto you: as my Father hath sent me, even so send I you. The word "glad" is from the Greek word chairo which means "to rejoice exceedingly or thrive." This reveals some interesting insights. The first offer of peace in this room, Shalom, dealt with their conscience, their feelings of guilt from betrayal and failure (vs. 19). The second offer of peace in verse 21, was for their hearts and to calm their fears. The first offer of peace dealt with their position before God. (It's OK guys to be at peace.) The second "peace" dealt with the condition in the world. (Don't be afraid.) The first offer of peace dealt with peace WITH God. The second one referred to the peace OF God. The first "peace" dealt with the consequences of the atonement; we have peace with God because of Calvary. The second "peace" is peace from communion with Christ that calms our fears. In spite of the stress from society they were facing, the pressure from their peers, and their fears, the disciples rejoice and rise above their circumstances. They were glad, thriving, rejoicing exceedingly. Jesus fulfilled His promise.
His Power
His Power
Our Lord’s breathing upon them reminds us of Gen. 2:7, when God breathed life into Adam, and also of 2 Tim. 3:16, where “inspiration” means “God-breathed.” This action was personal and individual, giving them the spiritual power and discernment they would need to fulfill His commission.
Our Lord’s breathing upon them reminds us of Gen. 2:7, when God breathed life into Adam, and also of 2 Tim. 3:16, where “inspiration” means “God-breathed.” This action was personal and individual, giving them the spiritual power and discernment they would need to fulfill His commission.
Warren W. Wiersbe, Wiersbe’s Expository Outlines on the New Testament (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1992), 267.
Dean M. Weaver Sermon Outlines - A Journal About Jesus From John: Alliterate Expository Outlines on John.
Sparkling Gems from the Greek.
NIV Application Commentary, The - John: From biblical text...to contemporary life.
Kenneth O. Gangel, John, vol. 4, Holman New Testament Commentary (Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2000), 372.
Complete Biblical Library Greek-English Dictionary, The - Delta-Epsilon.
Treasures From the Scriptures - Treasures from John, Volume 2.