Is Resurrection Even Possible?
I. A Ridiculous Argument (vv. 18-24)
According to Josephus (Ant. 18.12–17) the Pharisees believed that “souls have power to survive death and that there are rewards and punishments under the earth for those who have led lives of virtue and vice,” whereas “the Sadducees hold that the soul perishes along with the body.”
The Pharisees believed in divine sovereignty, while the Sadducees affirmed human free will alone; the Pharisees believed in angels and demons, whereas the Sadducees did not; the Pharisees accepted a broader understanding of Scripture and revelation, which included both written (Torah, Writings, and Prophets) and oral traditions, whereas the Sadducees accepted only the written Torah; and finally, as this story indicates, the Pharisees affirmed the resurrection of the dead, which the Sadducees expressly denied (12:18; Acts 23:8). The Sadducean denial of angels, demons, and the afterlife derived from their exclusive reliance on the Torah, which does not set forth these doctrines. The Sadducees were thus theological conservatives, and the Pharisees theological progressives.
Levirate marriage was a practice whereby a man was obligated to marry a childless widow of his brother in order to preserve the name and memory of his deceased brother and to ensure the establishment of his deceased brother’s property inheritance within the family line.
Levirate marriage was, rather, a compensatory social custom designed to prevent intermarriage of Jews and Gentiles and to preserve honor and property within a family line in cases where a woman’s husband was deceased.
II. A Sharp Rebuke (vv. 24-27)
The Greek word for “error,” planan (from which “planet” is derived), means “to wander off track” or “to be led astray.”
Present earthly experience is entirely insufficient to forecast divine heavenly realities: we can no more imagine heavenly existence than an infant in utero can imagine a Beethoven piano concerto or the Grand Canyon at sunset.
Resurrection is not the restoration of life as we know it; it is the entrance into a new life that is different.
Jesus affirmed that the resurrection life is comparable to the life enjoyed by the angels. Its great purpose and center is communion with God.
Angels, as eternal beings, have no need to reproduce. And in such a context the exclusiveness and jealousy which belong to marriage are no longer appropriate.
The argument is better understood as a reflection on the character of the covenant God whom Moses encountered, a God who through his new name ‘I AM’ is revealed as the living God, the ever-present helper and deliverer of his people. If such a God chooses to be identified by the names of his long-dead servants Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, with whom his covenant was made, and whom he committed himself to protect, they cannot be simply dead and forgotten: οὐκ ἔστιν θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων.
A right knowledge of the scripture, as the fountain whence all revealed religion now flows, and the foundation on which it is built, is the best preservative against error. Keep the truth, the scripture-truth, and it shall keep thee.