A Heritage of Holiness: Pauls Passion
Galatians. Paul’s opponents in Galatia appear to have been Jewish, but it is unclear whether they came from within the congregation or from without. After Paul left the area, these opponents demanded that the Galatians be circumcised (Gal 6:12) and keep special days (Gal 4:10).
• Howard and Hurd see these opponents as Judaizers from Jerusalem who were forcing the Galatians to keep the law and be circumcised (Gal 5:2–6; 6:12; Howard, Crisis; Hurd, “Reflections”).
• Barnett suggests the opponents—a group of Jews led by an individual—emerged from within the Galatian churches and were urging the Galatians to be circumcised (Gal 2:12; 5:10, 12; Barnett, “Opponents”).
• Munck proposes that the opponents were some of Paul’s converts (Munck, Paul).
• Nanos suggests the opponents were unconverted Jews (Nanos, “Intruding”).