Money Matters

Money Matters

Scripture Reading

​Luke 16:1–13

NIV84

1 Jesus told his disciples: “There was a rich man whose manager was accused of wasting his possessions. 2 So he called him in and asked him, ‘What is this I hear about you? Give an account of your management, because you cannot be manager any longer.’ 3“The manager said to himself, ‘What shall I do now? My master is taking away my job. I’m not strong enough to dig, and I’m ashamed to beg— 4 I know what I’ll do so that, when I lose my job here, people will welcome me into their houses.’ 5“So he called in each one of his master’s debtors. He asked the first, ‘How much do you owe my master?’ 6 “ ‘Eight hundred gallons of olive oil,’ he replied. “The manager told him, ‘Take your bill, sit down quickly, and make it four hundred.’ 7 “Then he asked the second, ‘And how much do you owe?’ “ ‘A thousand bushels of wheat,’ he replied. “He told him, ‘Take your bill and make it eight hundred.’ 8 “The master commended the dishonest manager because he had acted shrewdly. For the people of this world are more shrewd in dealing with their own kind than are the people of the light. 9 I tell you, use worldly wealth to gain friends for yourselves, so that when it is gone, you will be welcomed into eternal dwellings. 10“Whoever can be trusted with very little can also be trusted with much, and whoever is dishonest with very little will also be dishonest with much. 11 So if you have not been trustworthy in handling worldly wealth, who will trust you with true riches? 12 And if you have not been trustworthy with someone else’s property, who will give you property of your own? 13 “No servant can serve two masters. Either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and Money.”

Introduction

We come to a passage this morning that is very much misunderstood.

Or at least, people read the passage, and try their utmost to understand it, but fail.

Those who are honest with themselves, and have a reasonably good broad knowledge of Scripture, will say that something seems a little off, and doesn’t make sense.

Thus, as we begin this morning, I would like to begin by giving a lay of the land. I would like to just briefly point out what is being taught through this passage, and then we’ll delve into the details.

The first thing that I would like to point out, is that Christ is teaching through this parable that a person is driven by what is important to Him. A person is driven by what is important to him.

Secondly, a person’s wisdom, effort and personal resources are applied to gaining or attaining to that which is important to them.

Thirdly, similar to the manner in which people of the world apply their resources to gaining that which is important to them in the world, so much more so should the Children of God should apply themselves and their resources to gaining the things of eternal value.

Fourthly, how you use your money and possessions will be a good indicator of what is important to you.

1. Money Matters to the World (vv.1-8)

We’ve just come out of the context of Jesus addressing the Pharisees.

At this point, Luke records that he turns his attention to his disciples.

This may even have included the tax collectors that were present at the time.

But the point is that he is now addressing them specifically.

Notice how we are introduced by Jesus to this important topic.

1 Jesus told his disciples: “There was a rich man whose manager was accused of wasting his possessions.

Here is the simple scenario that Jesus paints in the form of a parable to his disciples. There is a man that is very wealthy and has a lot of money, and he has entrusted the care of his financial matters to a particular manager. In other words, the manager would have been the one that was tasked with ensuring the debts were collected appropriately, and that the books were kept properly in terms of this man’s finances.

We read, however, that he was accused of wasting his possessions. The details aren’t given as to how that is happening, but evidently the report comes to the rich man that his manager is failing in his responsibilities, and perhaps even involved in some form of corruption or extortion, subjects that we are not unfamiliar with today.

The rich man is not about to allow this to continue…

2 So he called him in and asked him, ‘What is this I hear about you? Give an account of your management, because you cannot be manager any longer.’

The rich man rightly calls his manager to account, but also provides him with this news that he can no longer be his manager. After all, he’s wasted and wrongly handled his finances, and thus needs to take the appropriate action, which in this case is going to be what we call a dismissal.

Before we move on to our second sub-point, I do want to point out the fact that this manager was unwise in his dealings with his manager’s money. As we go in this parable, we will find that it was not due to a lack ingenuity or ideas. Later on, he will be labelled a dishonest manager. So probably his failure was due to a lack of integrity rather than a lack ability.

1.1. A Concerning Predicament (v.3)

Notice the predicament that this manager now finds himself in.

3 “The manager said to himself, ‘What shall I do now? My master is taking away my job. I’m not strong enough to dig, and I’m ashamed to beg—

As he sits down to consider his current situation in light of this news from his rich master, he sees that there are serious problems facing him. He’s a man that is used to an office job, or a white-collar job. He’s not used to working out in the lands farming or digging. He knows that if he loses his work in this arena, he is going to be faced with serious consequences.

In addition to that, he has a sense of pride as a person, and doesn’t like the idea of having to beg for money. His pride will prevent him from going to sit at the city gates, or on the road to the temple, in order to beg the passers-by for money.

It is his situation and his predicament that leads this man to respond in a particular way. Now, the point of this parable of Jesus is not to over-emphasize the small scenario of this manager, but rather to teach important principles about discipleship and following Christ, in contrast to the world. In the particular scenario, this man is driven to do things based on his situation. What is important to him (and let’s be sure, it is important) is his ability to feed himself, and to do so in an honourable way.

This leads us to consider what the man does in response to his predicament. As he recognises and perceives that which is of great importance to him, he makes decisions and takes actions in order to secure that which is important. What is the decision made?

1.2. A Cunning Plan (vv.4-7)

4 I know what I’ll do so that, when I lose my job here, people will welcome me into their houses.’

This man senses the urgency of the situation, and immediately he develops a plan that he believes will help him when he finds himself in this impending predicament. We must recognise that this man has diligently thought through the situation, and considered a strategy to ensure that he is going to be looked after when he loses his job.

Proverbs 16:26 (NIV84)

26 The laborer’s appetite works for him; his hunger drives him on.

Well, it seems that the white-collar worker’s appetite and pride also work for him, and lead him to come up with an urgent plan.

His plan is for him to in some way impress certain people so that they will welcome him into their houses. What we will find is that he comes up with a plan that will cause them to look favourably upon him so that they will feel compelled to return the favour that he will grant to them.

Notice how this plan unfolds:

5 “So he called in each one of his master’s debtors. He asked the first, ‘How much do you owe my master?’ 6 “ ‘Eight hundred gallons of olive oil,’ he replied. “The manager told him, ‘Take your bill, sit down quickly, and make it four hundred.’ 7 “Then he asked the second, ‘And how much do you owe?’ “ ‘A thousand bushels of wheat,’ he replied. “He told him, ‘Take your bill and make it eight hundred.’

I do want to just remind us of the second principle that Jesus was teaching through this parable, and that is that a person of this world will use their wisdom, effort and personal resources to gaining or attaining to that which is important to them in this life. And that is precisely what we find this manager doing.

What we find, in simple terms, is that the manager is reducing the debts of the people that owe his master, so that he will be able to use this to his advantage in due course. He wants to save them a significant amount of money so that they are pleased with him, so that when he loses his job, they will then repay him for the favour.

So, he goes to the first debtor, and asks how much he owes. The amount comes back to about 2600 litres of olive oil. Immediately, he says that this man should scrap that amount, and instead write an amount of half of that as due and owing.

Similarly, with the second debtor that owed a thousand bushels of wheat (The precise unit of measurement is not known) was told to write that he owed 800 bushels, effectively reducing the amount owed by 200 bushels.

Now, there is much speculation about why and how the manager was getting this right. I will not claim to give a definitive answer, and I don’t think it’s necessary to give one for the purpose of our study. But I will present to you what some of the prevailing thoughts are.

The first is quite simple – the man was using his power as the manager of a rich man to suit himself. In other words, this was a simple matter of wrongly reducing another person’s debts, at his bosses expense, for his own benefit. It’s a very possible scenario, given that he was losing his job in any case. I’m going to lose my job, let me make the most of this to my advantage.

Alternatively, it has been suggested that these amounts owed by each of the debtors were interest amounts that were not being paid in monetary terms, but rather in goods. The reason would have been that the Levitical laws forbade charging interest. Thus, by charging in terms of physical goods, they would attempt to bypass the laws and continue charging interest.

Alternatively, it’s been suggested that the amount reduced was the commission amount that would have been payable to the manager once the transaction had been finalised. In other words, he was reducing the amount by covering the debt himself.

To be honest, I think the first option is very likely. Any other position would require reading extensively into the scenario and trying to uncover details that simply were not given, since they were not necessary. The reason that various different suggestions are given as to the motives is because of the response of the master in verse 8.

1.3. An Important Comparison (v.8)

We read there…

8 “The master commended the dishonest manager because he had acted shrewdly. For the people of this world are more shrewd in dealing with their own kind than are the people of the light.

Now, we need to immediately see that the master was not commending the manager for doing something good. Rather, the manager was dishonest, and Jesus conveys that again in this verse through his parable. This was a dishonest man!

Rather, the master is commending the shrewd behaviour of this man who is dishonest. He’s saying to the man that he is so very clever in what he has done in order to try and make provision for himself in the days and months to come.

In our local language and terminology, we might say, “what a clever SKELM!”

This is understandable to us in our common context. There have been a host of extremely clever con-artists over the years, and they don’t fail to deliver on disingenuous methods to defraud people out of their money.

As we listen to the clever stories of people that defraud others or steal from them, and we listen to how they do it, we may find ourselves musing, but if they would only use that brilliant mind for good, rather than defrauding. So much potential, and yet used in such an unwise way.

That is the way that this manager was using his master’s money. It was not honourable, but it was used as he had the power and authority in the moment to use it, and he was gaining friends for himself so that he could call upon them in the days to come. He was driven by what was important to him, and he used the resources available to him to gain that which was important to him.

What’s interesting to note is the commentary that comes at the end of verse 8. Jesus says,

“…For the people of this world are more shrewd in dealing with their own kind than are the people of the light.”

What Jesus is saying here is that this man acted in a very shrewd (albeit dishonest) manner in order to secure what was important to him in the days to come. And so, the point is that people of the world are very shrewd and wise and clever in their dealings with others in this world.

On the other hand, says Jesus, very often the children of light are not wise in dealing with their brothers and sisters of the faith in order to secure (make sure of) that which will be needed and important in time to come.

William Hendriksen notes:

He is stating the obvious fact that in worldly matters worldly people often show more astuteness or shrewdness than God’s children do in matters affecting their everlasting salvation.[1]

We’ve considered together that a person from this life is driven by what is important to them.

We’ve also considered that an unbeliever’s wisdom, effort and personal resources are applied to gaining or attaining to that which is important to them.

This leads us then to consider the Christian….

2. Money Matters to the Christian (vv.9-13)

With this in mind, Jesus now turns the picture from the world’s perspectives on and use of money to convey some important truths for His disciples to understand how it is that they should live in this life in preparation for the next.

Keep in mind, what Jesus is doing is he’s showing the effort and the personal resources that will be thrown at that which is important to a person of the world. This manager in the parable saw the danger that faced him when he would lose his job, and so he acted appropriately in order to prepare.

For the Christian, we perceive that the potential danger is far greater. There is eternal life in the balance. There is a judgment day coming when Christ will return to judge the living and the dead. He will judge each person according to what they have done. That’s the perspective. And just as this manager acted shrewdly to prepare for a coming day, the Christian ought to act all the more shrewdly in light of a far more weighty day approaching.

The instruction and teaching that Christ gives to them relates to uses of money. In other words, for the Christian, Money Matters!!

2.1. Use your Possessions in Light of Eternity (v.9)

9 I tell you, use worldly wealth to gain friends for yourselves, so that when it is gone, you will be welcomed into eternal dwellings.

A couple of initial comments are needed. Firstly, we see that Jesus speaks here about “worldly wealth” (NIV). Other translations translate this as “the wealth of unrighteousness” (NASB) or “unrighteous wealth” (ESV). This should not be taken to mean that the money itself is unrighteous, or that it was gained by unrighteous means. If you look down at verse 11, you will see that Jesus teaches that his disciples ought to have been wise in their handling of “worldly wealth” (the wealth of unrighteousness). Thus, what Jesus is referring to is the financial instrument that marks the unrighteous world of this life, rather than the righteous world of the life to come for believers.

Now, moving on from that, on first reading, it may be thought that Jesus is saying that you are to use your money in this world to make friends. In that context, it might be thought, in light of the picture of the shrewd manager, that Jesus is saying that we must likewise use money, even our boss’s money, to gain friends for ourselves. That is most certainly not what Jesus is saying here!

Rather, what Jesus is saying is that we should use the wealth (and all that we have) under our stewardship to serve others, in order to ensure that which is important to us – i.e. eternal dwellings.

Notice at the end of the verse that the perspective that we are to have as we utilise our wealth is an eternal one. When Jesus says, “…so that when it is gone…” he is not speaking about the end of our money itself, but rather the end of life. He mentions being welcomed into “eternal dwellings,” which will take place at the end of our lives in this world.

Thus, the first principle in the Christian’s use of wealth in this world is that this wealth should be used in order to store up treasures in heaven. Our Earthly possessions ought to be used in light of eternity. And the manner, says Jesus, in which this can be done, is through utilizing that which is entrusted into your care for the benefit of others.

What’s not controversial in that statement is the fact that when you share your worldly wealth with others, they will be your friends.

Proverbs 14:20 (NIV84)

20 The poor are shunned even by their neighbors, but the rich have many friends.

But the point that Jesus is making here is that the use of your wealth in this world ought to be directed to some measure or extent towards the benefit of others.

This is in stark contrast to the rich fool from Luke 12:16-21 who had an excess of grain, and so decided to build bigger barns, sit back, relax and enjoy early retirement, only to find that he would die that very night. Jesus said that man was foolish because the entire use of his goods and possessions was for himself in this life, without any perspective on the next. He used his wealth in this life for himself and his ease and relaxation, rather than sharing, and so using the opportunity to demonstrate the fruit of righteousness, and ensure for himself a welcome into eternal dwellings.

Martin Luther said:

We must use all these things upon earth in no other way than as a guest who travels through the land and comes to a hotel where he must lodge overnight. He takes only food and lodging from the host, and he says not that the property of the host belongs to him. Just so should we also treat our temporal possessions, as if they were not ours, and enjoy only so much of them as we need to nourish the body and then help our neighbors with the balance.[2]

God’s call here is generosity towards others. That does not mean one does not consider your own needs. It does not mean that you never make provisions for basic needs in life. But it certainly does mean that we need to be very careful to test our hearts, and to evaluate our generosity, and determine if we are using our resources wisely for ourselves, and then being generous towards others.

Now, many will say, “well, I only just have enough to get by.” I simply can’t give to others, because I only have enough to cover my basic expenses, or not even.

That may be so, but let us not deceive ourselves. Philip Ryken records a quote from a particular professional basketball player (Latrell Sprewell) that was demanding a bigger contract with his team….

Sprewell told the media he was disgusted with his one-year, $14.6 million contract. When a reporter asked why he didn’t try to help his team win an NBA championship first and then worry about getting a better contract, Mr. Sprewell said, “Why would I want to help them win a title? They’re not doing anything for me. I’m at risk. I have a lot of risk here. I got my family to feed.”[3]

Now, we may laugh at that, but we need to recognise that the heart of man is deceitful and greedy at times. And so even when we are talking about our own needs, we need to be careful that this really is the case.

We need to ask ourselves the question, in light of eternity, am I using what the Lord has entrusted into my care in a generous manner. A wonderful example of this is the Macedonian churches. Paul writes about them being themselves in poverty but having this overflow of the powerful grace of God in their lives such that they gave generously to others!

2 Corinthians 8:1–4 (NIV84)

1 And now, brothers, we want you to know about the grace that God has given the Macedonian churches. 2 Out of the most severe trial, their overflowing joy and their extreme poverty welled up in rich generosity. 3 For I testify that they gave as much as they were able, and even beyond their ability. Entirely on their own, 4 they urgently pleaded with us for the privilege of sharing in this service to the saints.

What a beautiful picture of a deep desire to serve the saints. This desire was motivated by the powerful working of the Spirit of God. As I say that, keep in mind that our generosity should always flow out of a deep willingness and desire to give for the glory of God and the benefit of God’s people. In other words, although we are to use and steward what is given to us in light of eternity, it’s not so much the thought of eternity itself that should drive us, but a love for others that is shaped by the Gospel. In other words, we are looking for the fruit of a deep and meaningful relationship with God, and an appreciation of what God has done for us. That fruit that we ought to see is a generous spirit.

1 Corinthians 13:3 (NIV84)

3 If I give all I possess to the poor and surrender my body to the flames, but have not love, I gain nothing.

Jesus is thus saying that we ought to be motivated to serve others because we love them. Yes, we remember that eternity is real and true, and I want to be found there. Thus, I want to be careful now to show my faith genuine.

2.2 Steward the Lesser in Light of the Greater (vv.10-12)

This is the next principle that Jesus outlines for his disciples in terms of wealth. In verse 10 we read…

10 “Whoever can be trusted with very little can also be trusted with much, and whoever is dishonest with very little will also be dishonest with much.

Here is another simple money principle. A person ought to demonstrate wise stewardship of a little that is entrusted to them, and that will determine if they should be entrusted with more.

Again, the thought should come to our minds that if we’re always waiting to have more before we give to others, will we ever really give much to others? The way that we steward the little that we have under our care provides a good gauge in seeing how we will steward more.

However, there is an important link here to the things of eternity. In other words, what Jesus is saying is not merely that we should steward the little bit of worldly wealth well, in preparation for the time that we will have more worldly wealth. That’s not his point. Rather, he is drawing a contrast between what is placed under our stewardship in this life, in contrast to what we will receive in eternity.

Notice how Christ brings this out…

11 So if you have not been trustworthy in handling worldly wealth, who will trust you with true riches?

The worldly wealth here is once again referring to the wealth of this world. The question then is who will trust you with true riches – meaning the riches of the treasures of the kingdom of heaven.

That comes through again in verse 12, when Jesus asks…

12 And if you have not been trustworthy with someone else’s property, who will give you property of your own?

The point that is being made here is that while we live in this world, God has entrusted resources into our care, and we are called upon by God (who provided us with those resources) to steward them wisely in a manner that brings Him glory and honour.

Friends, this truth must radically affect and shape the manner in which we think about and make use of what we have in this world.

Everything that is given to us in this world is not our own, but comes to us from the hand of God. Furthermore, it is not handed over to us as if we own it, but rather it belongs to God, and he has placed whatever we have under our care in order to steward and take care of. Linking back to the parable of Jesus, God is the one with the wealth, and we are the managers.

Now, you may have worked hard to earn what you have, but it is ultimately God who gave it to you. He gave you the strength to earn. He gave you the opportunity to learn and qualify yourself for a position. He gave you the opportunity to work. He gave you the earth’s resources that enable the work that you do. We could go on!!!

The fact is that everything in this world belongs to God! And God gives according to His good pleasure, and in order to test how you will treat what is given to you.

Turn with me to Deuteronomy 8…

Deuteronomy 8:1–6 (NIV84)

1 Be careful to follow every command I am giving you today, so that you may live and increase and may enter and possess the land that the Lord promised on oath to your forefathers. 2 Remember how the Lord your God led you all the way in the desert these forty years, to humble you and to test you in order to know what was in your heart, whether or not you would keep his commands. 3 He humbled you, causing you to hunger and then feeding you with manna, which neither you nor your fathers had known, to teach you that man does not live on bread alone but on every word that comes from the mouth of the Lord. 4 Your clothes did not wear out and your feet did not swell during these forty years. 5 Know then in your heart that as a man disciplines his son, so the Lord your God disciplines you. 6 Observe the commands of the Lordyour God, walking in his ways and revering him.

God goes on to say how he will lead the Israelites into the promised land and give them plenty. But for the moment, he is leading them through the Wilderness in order to test them. Now look down with me to verse 15.

Deuteronomy 8:15–18 (NIV84)

15 He led you through the vast and dreadful desert, that thirsty and waterless land, with its venomous snakes and scorpions. He brought you water out of hard rock. 16 He gave you manna to eat in the desert, something your fathers had never known, to humble and to test you so that in the end it might go well with you. 17 You may say to yourself, “My power and the strength of my hands have produced this wealth for me.” 18 But remember the Lord your God, for it is he who gives you the ability to produce wealth, and so confirms his covenant, which he swore to your forefathers, as it is today.

God was very deliberate to lead the Israelites through difficulty and hardship, giving them only what they needed on a daily basis, letting them have little even, to test them, and to remind them that everything that they would obtain and have in the land of plenty (Canaan) was actually given by Him.

Nebuchadnezzar had to learn that lesson a hard way, when he boasted of all that his hands had made and built up… God humbled him because he didn’t give God glory.

Now, we forget these lessons to our own detriment. All that we own belongs to God. Everything that we have, whether it be a small amount or a large amount is a gift from the gracious hand of a merciful and loving heavenly father. And as Christians, those who claim to love God and to believe that He is our provider, the big question is, how are we stewarding our resources in light of eternity.

Again, this stewardship came out by a powerful working of the Spirit of God upon the believers in the early church.

Acts 4:32–35 (NIV84)

32 All the believers were one in heart and mind. No one claimed that any of his possessions was his own, but they shared everything they had. 33 With great power the apostles continued to testify to the resurrection of the Lord Jesus, and much grace was upon them all. 34 There were no needy persons among them. For from time to time those who owned lands or houses sold them, brought the money from the sales 35 and put it at the apostles’ feet, and it was distributed to anyone as he had need.

What leads to such a mindset? Well, certainly the fact that God’s Spirit was at work. But also the understanding that what we have is given to us by God. Therefore, we are to joyful steward our possessions to serve one another.

2.3. Make Christ Master, not Money (v.13)

13 “No servant can serve two masters. Either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and Money.”

Jesus says the same thing twice over here in terms of our commitment to either God or money. He sets up a contrast between two potential masters. Ultimately, there cannot be two masters. If you’re working full time for two different bosses, there is going to be a clash because of a clash of interests. One master wants your full attention at the same time as another. You can only please one of them.

The word that Jesus uses for “serve” here speaks of a service that a slave would have given to a master in that day. In other words, there is ownership, and the service is committed to the owner.

The point here is that we cannot be committed to the service of God, and the pursuit of the things of this life. Our lives as Christians are to be wholly devoted to God.

Yes, God has given us things in this world that we are called to steward wisely. He may have given us much. He may have given us little. Either way, we are to steward that carefully with a view to eternity. We are certainly not to be using all of our time and resources for the purpose of a day in this life. Rather, we are to be stewarding all that we have as a demonstration of the faith that we have in God for the purpose of preparing for eternity.

The danger in this regard is significant. Jesus says that if we have a divided affection, or attempt to split our attention both to God and eternity, and also to Mammon, that one of them they will hate, the other they will love. One of them they’re devoted to, the other will be despised.

If your affections are on the things of this world, it will unsettle you when God calls you to certain things that require self-sacrifice.

My worth is not in what I own

Not in the strength of flesh and bone

But in the costly wounds of love

At the cross

My worth is not in skill or name

In win or lose, in pride or shame

But in the blood of Christ that flowed

At the cross

I rejoice in my Redeemer

Greatest Treasure, Wellspring of my soul

I will trust in Him, no other.

My soul is satisfied in Him alone.

As summer flowers we fade and die

Fame, youth and beauty hurry by

But life eternal calls to us

At the cross

I will not boast in wealth or might

Or human wisdom's fleeting light

But I will boast in knowing Christ

At the cross

Application / Conclusion

In closing, remember the basic principles applicable to us as Christians.

The Children of God should apply themselves and their resources to gaining the things of eternal value.

How you use your money and possessions will be a good indicator of what is important to you.

What is your use of what you have, and your attitude to that which you have been provided, telling you about your priorities.

Is it showing that your priorities are based in eternity, and that you recognise all these good things that you have, whether much or little, are merely given to you in order to steward in preparation for eternity?

Is it showing that your priorities are too much fixed in this world and in this life?

These are important questions that we need to keep asking ourselves.

Now, if your feeling about this is that you want to leave here now and go and sell all that you own and give it away, that’s a good sign that your heart is in the right place. Please don’t do that without obtaining some wise counsel.

If, however, through the course of this sermon, you have been saying, “BUT… the Bible also says this”, or “BUT, a man really does need to live, and not just on pap,” or “BUT…. something…” then you need to all the more give careful consideration to what has been said. Perhaps, just maybe, your heart is a little bit too reliant on your goods, and you need to loosen the grip on what God has entrusted to you, and acknowledge that it all belongs to Him, rather than you.

Again, this is not a call to foolishness. It’s a call to submission to God, devotion to Him as Lord and master of all that we own, and a genuine seeking after stewarding all that we have in light of Eternity.

[1] Hendriksen, W., & Kistemaker, S. J. (1953–2001). Exposition of the Gospel According to Luke (Vol. 11, p. 770). Baker Book House. [2] Ryken, P. G. (2009). Luke (R. D. Phillips, P. G. Ryken, & D. M. Doriani, Eds.; Vol. 2, pp. 177–178). P&R Publishing. [3] Ryken, P. G. (2009). Luke(R. D. Phillips, P. G. Ryken, & D. M. Doriani, Eds.; Vol. 2, p. 168). P&R Publishing.