The Path of Simon Peter, Part 1 - Oct. 6th, 2024

By Dr. CJ Walker

Main-Series – Luke: Living in Light of Promise

Mini-Series – Twelve Ordinary Men, One Extraordinary Mission

Luke 6:12–14 AV 1873

12 And it came to pass in those days, that he went out into a mountain to pray, and continued all night in prayer to God. 13 And when it was day, he called unto him his disciples: and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles; 14 Simon, (whom he also named Peter,) and Andrew his brother, James and John, Philip and Bartholomew,

Focal: "And when it was day, he called unto him his disciples: and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles."

Introduction

We've been studying alongside Luke on how to "Live in Light of Promise," that is, to follow Jesus and learn how to live filled with the Holy Spirit as He taught us. Before we dive into the life of Simon Peter, it's essential to understand the context leading up to Jesus' selection of the apostles. The preceding verses in Luke 6 highlight the growing tension between Jesus and the religious leaders. Their rejection of Jesus' authority and His teaching set the stage for His ultimate crucifixion. In response to this rejection, Jesus withdrew to pray, seeking God's guidance before choosing His apostles.

Tension and Rejection

This tension between Jesus and the religious leaders demonstrates the growing resistance to His message and authority. The religious leaders were unwilling to accept the new way Jesus presented, ultimately leading to His rejection. This is a moment of conflict and brokenness in the biblical world—those who were meant to shepherd God's people were opposing the very Messiah they had been waiting for.

Relevance to Our Lives

Furthermore, this kind of resistance wasn't isolated to Jesus' time; it resonates with us today. We often face the challenge of rejecting God's leading in our lives because it confronts our comfort zones or challenges our preconceived notions. Like the religious leaders of that time, we sometimes resist the authority of Jesus, preferring our own way over His. This resistance creates a barrier between us and the transformative power God desires to work in our lives.

Jesus' Response: A Model of Grace

Despite the rejection from the religious leaders, Jesus responded not with anger but by seeking the Father in prayer. His all-night prayer before selecting the apostles is a profound act of grace. It reveals that even in the face of opposition, Jesus was committed to His mission and to raising up leaders who would carry on His work. God's grace is evident in Jesus' intentional selection of the apostles, including Simon Peter, showing that God's plan moves forward despite human resistance.

Grace Extended to Us

Just as Jesus chose Peter, an imperfect but willing disciple, God extends His grace to us today. Despite our flaws and resistance, He calls us to participate in His work. Peter's journey—from a simple fisherman to a leader of the early church—demonstrates that God can use anyone willing to follow Him. The same grace that transformed Peter is available to us, calling us to live lives of commitment, guided by the Holy Spirit, and to trust in God's transformative power.

The Lists of the Disciples

When Jesus chose His apostles, the Gospels provided multiple lists that named those He selected. Many study Bibles and commentaries provide insights into these lists, and I encourage you to study those, as some have great visuals to help you see the lists and make good observations. However, I will just summarize a review here for our purposes today. These lists appear in Matthew, Mark, Luke, and Acts, and while there are slight variations in wording, certain patterns are consistent. The apostles are always listed in three groups of four individuals each. Notably, Peter is always listed first, highlighting his role as the leader among them. Judas Iscariot, the one who would betray Jesus, is consistently listed last (except in Acts, where Judas is absent due to his betrayal and subsequent death by suicide, despite what our Muslim friends have been taught by the Koran, Jesus of Nazareth was the one who died on Golgotha that fateful day, not Judas, “let God be true, and every man (Mohammad included) a liar”).

Each of the three groups is led by a specific disciple. Peter leads the first group of four, which includes his brother Andrew, along with James and John—the sons of Zebedee, who were also brothers. The second group is led by Philip, and it includes Bartholomew, Matthew the tax collector, and Thomas. The third group is led by James, the son of Alphaeus, and also includes Simon the Zealot, Thaddeus (also known as Judas, son of James), and Judas Iscariot, who is eventually replaced by Matthias in the book of Acts.

This structure is significant, as it reveals intentional groupings that reflect both leadership and relationships within the apostolic community. The presence of multiple pairs of brothers—Peter and Andrew, James and John—highlights the familial nature of Jesus' calling. Moreover, the diversity of the group is notable: Matthew was a tax collector, viewed as a collaborator with the Roman authorities, while Simon was a Zealot, part of a movement that vehemently opposed Roman occupation. This dynamic mix of backgrounds demonstrates the unifying power of Jesus' call, bringing together individuals from vastly different walks of life to serve a common mission.

Luke's Gospel also uses distinctive wording when describing Jesus' selection of the apostles. Luke states that Jesus "named them apostles" (Luke 6:13), indicating a specific designation and purpose beyond mere discipleship. The term "apostle" (from the Greek apostolos) means "one who is sent out," their role would be that of as ambassadors of Jesus' message. This deliberate naming signifies their special calling and the authority that Jesus imparted to them as His representatives.

The Life of Simon Peter

Today, we will begin exploring the life of Simon Peter, one of Jesus' closest followers. Peter is mentioned first among the apostles, indicating his role as the leader of the Twelve, as highlighted in Mark's account (Mark 3:16).

Mark 3:16 AV 1873

16 and Simon he surnamed Peter;

Jesus intentionally appointed him to be their leader, emphasizing his significance and the reason we begin with him. Peter's journey from being a simple fisherman to becoming an apostle chosen by the Lord is a powerful testament to God's transformative grace. We are first introduced to Peter in the Gospel of Luke, where we see him answer Jesus' call. Peter's life is marked by tremendous spiritual victories and significant struggles, showing the reality of human frailty.

Total Commitment and Self-Denial

Following Jesus requires total commitment and self-denial. Jesus' selection of the twelve occurred after an entire night of prayer (Luke 6:12), showing just how important this decision was. Jesus sought God's will through prayerful communion with the Father, setting an example for us. The mission He was about to give the apostles required divine guidance, and Jesus ensured proper spiritual preparation was in place before making this momentous decision. When God chooses someone for greater service, it always aligns with His divine purposes.

Embark with me as we carefully examine Peter's journey, learning from his triumphs, struggles, and growth in faith. May we also recognize God's grace to each of us, calling us to follow Him wholeheartedly despite our frailties.

I. Peter's Call to Discipleship (Luke 5:1-11)

A. Peter's Partial Obedience (Luke 5:1-7)

Luke 5:1–7 AV 1873

1 And it came to pass that, as the people pressed upon him to hear the word of God, he stood by the lake of Gennesaret, 2 and saw two ships standing by the lake: but the fishermen were gone out of them, and were washing their nets. 3 And he entered into one of the ships, which was Simon’s, and prayed him that he would thrust out a little from the land. And he sat down, and taught the people out of the ship. 4 Now when he had left speaking, he said unto Simon, Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught. 5 And Simon answering said unto him, Master, we have toiled all the night, and have taken nothing: nevertheless at thy word I will let down the net. 6 And when they had this done, they inclosed a great multitude of fishes: and their net brake. 7 And they beckoned unto their partners, which were in the other ship, that they should come and help them. And they came, and filled both the ships, so that they began to sink.

Simon Was a Fisherman by Trade

Simon was a fisherman by trade, a common occupation in first-century Galilee, especially around the Sea of Galilee, where Peter lived. Fishing was not only a practical means of livelihood but also carried cultural and economic significance for the region. Fishermen like Peter typically worked at night, taking advantage of the cooler temperatures and the natural behavior of fish coming closer to the surface during nighttime, making them easier to catch (see ISBE). The life of a fisherman required strength, resilience, and the ability to endure harsh conditions. These qualities would later be pivotal in Peter's role as a disciple and leader in the early church.

Simon's Faith Was Weak, but His Heart and Hands Were Willing

When Luke recounts this encounter with Jesus, we're told that Peter and his partners had been toiling through the night without success. Jesus instructed Peter to "launch out into the deep" and cast his nets again. In partial obedience, Peter let down the "net," though Jesus had commanded him to let down the "nets." This subtle disobedience reveals Peter's limited and finite faith at this early stage. Nevertheless, God's grace was abundant, and the net was filled beyond capacity.

As John MacArthur highlights, Peter's response to Jesus' command, despite his limited faith, demonstrates the need for a believer to obey the Lord even when he might not yet fully understand. Peter's willingness to let down his net despite his initial reluctance illustrates that God often asks us to act in faith even when it seems illogical or inconvenient.

- Godet observed in his commentary that the term "διανυκτερεύειν" (to pass the night in watching) is used to indicate the persevering energy of Jesus' vigil (Godet, Commentary on Luke). This emphasis on prayer set the stage for Peter's journey from doubt to leadership. The term "διανυκτερεύων" (Luke 6:12), referring to Jesus' all-night prayer, emphasizes persistence and vigilance. How difficult is it for us to maintain a spiritual posture as Jesus did—one of preparation and intentional reliance on God before making significant decisions, such as choosing the apostles? "Big choices" should never be made apart from some "big communion time" with God.

- Furthermore, the Greek term "ἐκλέγομαι" (to choose) in Luke 6:13 reveals to us the deliberate and sovereign selection by Jesus Christ of the Twelve. For Peter to be included in that number was not random but purposeful, and it reminds us that God chooses us despite our imperfections because He alone can change us into someone He can use for His glory (cf. BDAG). Peter's subsequent journey—from limited faith at the miraculous catch to boldness at Pentecost—was initiated by divine choice, not human merit.

B. Peter's Penitent Recognition (Luke 5:8)

Luke 5:8 AV 1873

8 When Simon Peter saw it, he fell down at Jesus’ knees, saying, Depart from me; for I am a sinful man, O Lord.

"Depart from me; for I am a sinful man, O Lord."

Peter's response reveals his conviction of sin in the presence of divine power. John R. Rice pointed out that Peter's humility in recognizing his unworthiness set the stage for his transformation. Despite Peter's momentary doubt in letting down only one net, God still showed His power, teaching Peter a lesson in faith and obedience.

True Discipleship Begins with: Acknowledging Our Own Inadequacy and God's Abundant Sufficiency

This means recognizing that we cannot rely solely on our own abilities to fulfill God's calling. In moments of failure or when facing overwhelming tasks, we must lean into God's grace and strength rather than our own efforts. Just as Peter came to understand his own limitations, we, too, must be willing to admit our need for God in every area of our lives. In practical terms, this may look like seeking God's guidance before making significant decisions, trusting His plans even when they seem counterintuitive, and finding peace in the knowledge that God's strength is made perfect in our weakness.

- John MacArthur again notes that Peter's realization of his sinfulness in the presence of Jesus is a common reaction throughout Scripture when individuals encounter God's holiness. For example, Isaiah had a similar reaction when he saw the Lord in the temple, crying out, "Woe is me! For I am undone; because I am a man of unclean lips" (Isaiah 6:5).

Isaiah 6:5 AV 1873

5 Then said I, Woe is me! for I am undone; because I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips: for mine eyes have seen the King, the Lord of hosts.

Similarly, after encountering God, Job declared, "I have heard of Thee by the hearing of the ear: but now mine eye seeth Thee. Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes" (Job 42:5-6).

Job 42:5–6 AV 1873

5 I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear: But now mine eye seeth thee. 6 Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent In dust and ashes.

In the New Testament, the Apostle Paul refers to himself as the chief of sinners (1 Timothy 1:15) after encountering the risen Christ on the road to Damascus.

1 Timothy 1:15 AV 1873

15 This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners; of whom I am chief.

- A genuine encounter with the holiness of God often leads to an overwhelming awareness of one's own sinfulness and a deep sense of contrition. Like Isaiah in the temple (Isaiah 6), Peter is overwhelmed by his own unworthiness. Such encounters with God's holiness evoke a profound awareness of our frailty and limitations, marking a crucial turning point for spiritual transformation. This moment of humility and repentance is essential for anyone who desires to follow Christ faithfully, as it helps lay the foundation for an authentic and dependent relationship with God. It's in recognizing our inadequacy that we open ourselves to God's transformative grace and His work in our lives, as Isaiah 57:15 reminds us: "For thus saith the high and lofty One that inhabiteth eternity, whose name is Holy; I dwell in the high and holy place, with him also that is of a contrite and humble spirit, to revive the spirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones."

Isaiah 57:15 AV 1873

15 For thus saith the high and lofty One That inhabiteth eternity, whose name is Holy; I dwell in the high and holy place, With him also that is of a contrite and humble spirit, To revive the spirit of the humble, And to revive the heart of the contrite ones.

C. Peter's Purpose Reimagined (Luke 5:10-11)

Luke 5:10–11 AV 1873

10 and so was also James, and John, the sons of Zebedee, which were partners with Simon. And Jesus said unto Simon, Fear not; from henceforth thou shalt catch men. 11 And when they had brought their ships to land, they forsook all, and followed him.

A New Mission: From Fisherman to Fisher of Men

Jesus took Peter's occupation and transformed it into a new mission, giving him a higher vision: from a fisherman to a fisher of men. Jesus called Peter where he was and likewise calls us where we are in our everyday lives to serve Him.

As mentioned earlier, in first-century Galilee, fishing was central to the economic and social fabric of the region. Fishermen like Peter typically worked at night to increase their chances of a successful catch. This required adept skill and tremendous amounts of patience. Jesus' call to Peter to become a "fisher of men" was not merely a clever play on Peter's occupation but a profound redirection of his skills and purpose.

Consider this: a fisherman gathers fish with patience, strategy, and effort. Peter was now called to gather people into the Kingdom of God to reach the lost with the same intentionality and persistence that Jesus had. This shift in purpose reveals the change that Jesus wanted to make in Simon's life as he stepped into discipleship. Jesus would repurpose Peter's natural skills—resilience, patience, and perseverance—for spiritual ends. By using an object lesson that spoke Peter's language, Jesus was helping Simon shift his focus from temporal, physical provision to a mission of spiritual outreach and eternal influence. A fisherman gathers fish, but now Peter was called to gather people into the Kingdom of God, emphasizing a mission of reaching the lost (Godet, Commentary on Luke).

Theological Significance: An Eternal Vocation

Don't miss the theological significance of this. Jesus' command to become "fishers of men" radically transformed Peter's life. In Jewish culture, fishing also carried deep symbolic meaning, often associated with judgment and the gathering of people. This likely suggested the catching of something valuable and the idea of discerning and separating. Jesus frequently capitalized on these ideas in His parables, like that of the dragnet in Matthew 13:47-50. Thus, Jesus' new mission for Peter was far more than just a shift in his job description—it was a spiritual elevation, turning a daily occupation into an eternal vocation. This calling to gather people for the kingdom of God was an invitation to participate directly in God's redemptive plan. What a privilege it is to be a disciple of Jesus! Peter's life, once centered on catching fish to sustain his daily physical needs, was now reoriented to giving out the gospel so that lost souls could be taken in for the kingdom of heaven; this is the high purpose of God's calling: participation in God's rescue mission.

Transition: Infections of “Little Faith” and “No Faith”

While little faith is better than no faith, God wants us to have great faith. The first step in understanding Peter's call is recognizing the limitations of Peter's faith. Here, we see the tension between human frailty and divine grace. Peter's partial obedience and limited faith reveal the struggle of responding to God's calling when we feel inadequate or uncertain. Unless we grasp our own limitations, we cannot be ready for the first step in our own journey of discipleship, as this is where God takes our weaknesses and turns them into opportunities for growth, confirming in our lives what He brought Paul to know in his shortcomings, that God's grace is more than sufficient to fulfill His purposes. This is where the journey begins: confronting the challenges that Simon faced that mirror the challenges in our own lives.

II. Peter's Commissioning as an Apostle (Luke 6:13-16)

A. Petition in Prayer (Luke 6:12-13)

Luke 6:12–13 AV 1873

12 And it came to pass in those days, that he went out into a mountain to pray, and continued all night in prayer to God. 13 And when it was day, he called unto him his disciples: and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles;

Prayer Preceded Commission

In drawing out the significance for us, Luke is the only Gospel writer to emphasize Jesus' "all-nighter" in prayer before He chose the apostles. Jesus "spent the whole night in prayer to God" before making His choice, illustrating that Peter's calling (along with the other apostles) was guided by the will of God throughout the entire process. This reveals God's mind that authentic leadership in the church begins with and is sustained by prayer. Paul Chappell emphasized, "We must pray humbly before we serve boldly." We must follow Jesus' example and take the time needed in prayer before moving forward with any major decision or commitment.

Jesus' extended time in prayer (Luke 6:12) before selecting the apostles is a crucial link in understanding Peter's role. This was a most sober and significant decision. Jesus did not choose the apostles arbitrarily; He sought the Father's guidance. Simon Peter's journey did not begin with Peter; it began in the heart and mind of the God who knows us before we are even born.

- The phrase "προσεφώνησεν" (to summon or "call") in Luke 6:13 is significant because it implies more than a simple invitation. This is an authoritative call by Jesus. This calling is inextricably connected to "ἐκλέγομαι" (to choose or elect), reinforcing the idea that Jesus specifically called these twelve apostles to Himself and designated them for His mission—each selected with purpose.

Guidance and Preparation in Ministry

Jesus shows us how God's guidance and preparation lead to effective ministry; without this, one should never expect an effective ministry. Peter's path from fisherman to apostle—a path marked by failures, growth, and, ultimately, leadership—was inaugurated by Jesus' intentional reliance on the Father. This highlights that proper spiritual growth begins with deep communion with God.

- Stephen Cole points out that Jesus' method for ministry involved prayerfully choosing a few men to minister to the needy masses. Jesus knew the growing hostility He faced and the burden of selecting the right men to carry on His work. How important it is to seek God's wisdom, especially when faced with critical decisions!

- According to J. C. Ryle, Jesus' extended prayer is intended to be a perpetual lesson for the church, admonishing her to guard against any tendency to neglect seeking God's guidance before making significant decisions.

The Apostles and Their Relationship to Israel

As many other commentators have also noted, Jesus chose twelve, likely symbolizing the twelve tribes of Israel, showing that Jesus was beginning a new spiritual people of God. The number twelve was not coincidental; it symbolized the twelve tribes of Israel. However, it is crucial to understand that these men were not chosen to replace Israel in a literal sense. Instead, they were selected to serve Jesus during the temporal age of the church, an age brought about because Israel rejected the kingdom of David that Jesus had come to offer at that time. This rejection resulted in the kingdom promise being put on hold, and Jesus raised up these twelve men to serve as new spiritual leaders in the church age—the leaders that the religious leaders of the Jews had failed to be. Notably, one day, these twelve apostles will judge the twelve tribes of Israel (Matthew 19:28; Luke 22:30), indicating that they cannot replace Israel but have a unique role in God's redemptive plan.

Matthew 19:28 AV 1873

28 And Jesus said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That ye which have followed me, in the regeneration, when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.

Luke 22:30 AV 1873

30 that ye may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom, and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel.

Furthermore, the names of these twelve men will be engraved on the foundation stones of the New Jerusalem (Revelation 21:14).

Revelation 21:14 AV 1873

14 And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and in them the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.

In contrast, the names of the twelve tribes of Israel will be engraved above the gates (Revelation 21:12).

Revelation 21:12 AV 1873

12 and had a wall great and high, and had twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels, and names written thereon, which are the names of the twelve tribes of the children of Israel:

This distinction emphasizes that God's promises to Israel remain intact and that the apostles serve a distinct and vital role in the unfolding plan of God's kingdom.

B. Planned Appointment (Luke 6:13-16)

Luke 6:13–16 AV 1873

13 And when it was day, he called unto him his disciples: and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles; 14 Simon, (whom he also named Peter,) and Andrew his brother, James and John, Philip and Bartholomew, 15 Matthew and Thomas, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon called Zelotes, 16 and Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor.

Twelve Ordinary Men, One Extraordinary Mission

Jesus chose ordinary men like Peter, who did not have special education, social status, or wealth. Peter was not chosen because of his perfection or education but because of God's sovereign choice. Other preachers, such as John MacArthur, have, rightfully emphasized that Jesus' choice of twelve common men was a deliberate act that defied the conventional wisdom of the religious elite of the time. Jesus did not select scholars or scribes; He chose men who were ordinary, like fishermen and tax collectors, to confound the self-righteous leaders of Judaism. This was both a judgment against the religious establishment and a picture of God's ability to use the humble for His divine purposes. The apostles were ordinary men—fishermen, tax collectors, individuals of no high status. As Paul Chappell reminds us, "God does not call the qualified; He qualifies the called." These men were chosen because they were willing to be used by God.

- The term "ὀνομάζω" (to name) used when Jesus names Simon "Peter" (Luke 6:14) has roots in the idea of giving authority or defining someone's role. The act of naming Peter, meaning "rock," was more than a simple designation; it was upon Peter's confession that Jesus is the Christ that Jesus said He would build His church (see Matthew 16). When Jesus saves us, He calls us; when He calls us, He gives us a new identity and purpose that aligns with His divine plan.

- 2 Corinthians 5:17-21 speaks about believers being made new creations in Christ and the role of being ambassadors for Christ. In verses 18-20, Paul emphasizes that God has reconciled us to Himself through Christ and entrusted us with the ministry of reconciliation. We are, therefore, ambassadors for Christ, imploring others to be reconciled to God. This then is Jesus's specific purpose to those He calls—to represent Him and carry out His mission of reconciliation.

2 Corinthians 5:17–21 AV 1873

17 Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are past away; behold, all things are become new. 18 And all things are of God, who hath reconciled us to himself by Jesus Christ, and hath given to us the ministry of reconciliation; 19 to wit, that God was in Christ reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed unto us the word of reconciliation. 20 Now then we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God did beseech you by us: we pray you in Christ’s stead, be ye reconciled to God. 21 For he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might be made the righteousness of God in him.

Jesus, having spent the night in communion with God, deliberately chose and named these twelve men to be His "sent ones," and of these twelve, He specifically would give Simon the name "Peter" as part of his new identity in the purpose and plan of the furtherance of the gospel of God's kingdom. This transformation from Simon, the fisherman, to Peter, the foundation "stone" apostle (Ephesians 2:20), with Jesus as the "chief cornerstone" (Ephesians 2:20; 1 Peter 2:6-7), humbles me to consider the mighty power of God—to use the weak things of the world to confound the mighty (1 Corinthians 1:27) and to set at naught the things that are, so He can establish His perfect work, despite our sinfulness (1 Corinthians 1:28). Though they were common men, they were conscripted into service for a high calling, just as every believer is called to serve in the body of Christ.

Ephesians 2:20 AV 1873

20 and are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone;

1 Peter 2:6–7 AV 1873

6 Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture, Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on him shall not be confounded. 7 Unto you therefore which believe he is precious: but unto them which be disobedient, the stone which the builders disallowed, the same is made the head of the corner,

1 Corinthians 1:27 AV 1873

27 but God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise; and God hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound the things which are mighty;

1 Corinthians 1:28 AV 1873

28 and base things of the world, and things which are despised, hath God chosen, yea, and things which are not, to bring to nought things that are:

C. Purposeful Diversity (Luke 6:15-16)

Luke 6:15–16 AV 1873

15 Matthew and Thomas, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon called Zelotes, 16 and Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor.

Evangelist Paul Schwanke reminds us that the apostles, though diverse in background, were united by the mission Jesus gave them.

Transition: A Lack of Spiritual Unity

As we reflect on the diversity of backgrounds among the apostles, we see an evident tension—different ideologies, social standings, and even potential hostilities existed among them. This is part of the "trouble in the text": how could such a diverse group, with fishermen, a zealot, and a tax collector, be unified? The religious leaders had failed to bring spiritual unity; instead, their rejection of Jesus deepened divisions. Yet, Jesus brought these unlikely individuals together, demonstrating that true unity can only be found in submission to His purpose and authority. The apostles' diversity highlights the challenge of unity amidst differences—something we often face today.

This difficulty becomes a powerful picture of the gospel's transformative ability to reconcile and unify, revealing that God's kingdom works differently from human institutions. Spiritual unity, forged by Christ, transcends backgrounds and personal histories, and this is the challenge that God's people must embrace.

Schwanke also highlighted what we have already noted before fishermen, tax collectors, and a zealot among the twelve apostles—individuals with vastly different experiences, social standings, and ideologies. Simon being called "Ζηλωτήν" (Zealot) speaks to the diversity of backgrounds among the apostles. The term could refer to either a political association or could just be a descriptor of his zealous character. Nevertheless, the point remains that despite any ideological differences these men may have had, they were brought together and bonded by a singular purpose under Jesus.

Perhaps this is yet another one of those moments that Evangelist Schwanke would likely want to write about in a book one day in heaven with the hypothetical title, The Look on Their Faces. Can you imagine the look that might have been on Matthew's face and Simon the Zealot's face as Jesus called their names out of the crowd? Schwanke further pointed out that this unity in diversity is a powerful testimony of God's ability to transform and use anyone for His divine purposes. Hey friend, aren’t you thankful that the power of the gospel transcends social, political, and personal backgrounds? This diversity, unified under Christ, teaches us that God can use people from all walks of life to accomplish His purposes, reflecting His sovereign power to transform individual lives for a collective mission.

- Application: The apostles were ordinary men with varied backgrounds, but their willingness to follow Christ unified them. Similarly, regardless of our past, Jesus can use any of us to fulfill His purposes.

"Just as I am, though tossed about, with many a conflict, many a doubt, fightings and fears within, without, O Lamb of God, I come, I come." ~ Charlotte Elliott, Just As I Am

Despite our conflicts, doubts, and fears, God is ready to use those who come to Him willingly. Like the apostles, our willingness to follow Christ allows us to be part of His divine mission, no matter our background or past.

III. Peter's Confession of Christ (Luke 9:18-20)

A. The Place and Purpose of Peter's Confession (Luke 9:18-20)

Luke 9:18–20 AV 1873

18 And it came to pass, as he was alone praying, his disciples were with him: and he asked them, saying, Whom say the people that I am? 19 They answering said, John the Baptist; but some say, Elias; and others say, that one of the old prophets is risen again. 20 He said unto them, But whom say ye that I am? Peter answering said, The Christ of God.

Context of Luke 9:18-20:

This passage, like Luke 6:12, begins with Jesus praying alone, with His disciples nearby, setting a solemn and reflective tone for the conversation that follows. Jesus asks His disciples, "Whom say the people that I am?" (Luke 9:18), prompting a variety of responses—John the Baptist, Elijah, or one of the ancient prophets risen again. This reveals the confusion among the people regarding Jesus' identity. Jesus then directly questions the disciples, asking, "But whom say ye that I am?" (Luke 9:20), providing an opportunity for them to declare their personal conviction. In this context, Peter confesses, "The Christ of God" (Luke 9:20). This confession marks a milestone in understanding Jesus' true identity. It is not something left up to popular opinion. This knowledge came to Peter as the direct result of divine revelation.

Notice the progress of Peter's evolving role—from a fisherman to a follower, from a follower to a "sent one," and now, as an apostle, to a spokesperson for the mission of Jesus Christ. Peter's confession marks a turning point in Jesus' ministry, where His identity as the Messiah becomes more explicitly acknowledged by His closest followers, preparing them to eventually proclaim the gospel to the world.

What's in a Name? Peter: The “rock” Hewn from the “Quarry” of Jesus' Messianic Authority

Recall what was mentioned earlier in Luke Chapter 6 about how naming someone holds profound theological weight. Jesus’ actions and teachings, His selection of the Twelve, and His overriding the religious elites of His day, emphasized His Messianic authority. Go back with me to that scene where Jesus names Simon “Peter” (meaning “rock”) which is first mentioned in John 1:42, where Jesus meets Simon and declares, "Thou art Simon the son of Jona: thou shalt be called Cephas, which is by interpretation, A stone."

John 1:42 AV 1873

42 And he brought him to Jesus. And when Jesus beheld him, he said, Thou art Simon the son of Jona: thou shalt be called Cephas, which is by interpretation, A stone.

This initial naming of Peter is later expanded upon in Matthew 16:18, where Jesus explicitly states, "And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church."

Matthew 16:18 AV 1873

18 And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.

The Essence of Discipleship: Recognition and Submission in Faith and Obedience

In Peter, we see the essence of discipleship: recognizing and submitting to Jesus’ divine authority. The confession indicates Peter’s growing understanding of Jesus’ mission, which was still incomplete but progressing under Jesus' guidance (Ryle, Commentary on Luke).

B. Peter’s Proclamation of Christ (Luke 9:20)

Luke 9:20 AV 1873

20 He said unto them, But whom say ye that I am? Peter answering said, The Christ of God.

"The Christ of God."

Peter's confession was not merely intellectual assent but was in truth, a profound divine revelation by this “holy man of God who spake as he was moved by the Holy Spirit.” This moment marks a turning point, moving from the “come and see” phase to the “go and serve” phase. Pastor Chappell emphasized the importance of this transition in every believer’s life—recognizing who Jesus is must lead to action.

J. Dwight Pentecost, in his work Words and Works of Jesus Christ, points out that Jesus was doing more than merely giving Simon a new name; He was symbolically revealing Peter's future role within the kingdom and the church. This renaming reflects authority and mission, much like when God renamed Abram to Abraham or Jacob to Israel, indicating their specific roles in His redemptive plan. In the same way, Peter’s naming pointed to his integral role as a foundational leader in the new covenant community that Jesus was establishing.

Pentecost further elaborates that the rock upon which Jesus would build His church was not simply Peter as an individual but rather the confession that Jesus is the Messiah—the core truth that Peter proclaimed. This moment highlights the distinction between the failure of the existing religious establishment to acknowledge Jesus as the Christ and Jesus' decision to reveal His true identity to a humble disciple like Peter. Jesus’ proclamation at Caesarea Philippi, where He asked, “Who do you say I am?” and Peter responded, “The Christ of God,” provides that the foundation of this new “called out assembly”—the church—was not based on lineage or established human authority but on recognition of and submission to Jesus as the Messiah.

This revelation marks the beginning of a significant transition where Peter moves from being a follower (i.e., learner) to a key figure in Jesus' unfolding Messianic plan. Pentecost describes it as "the laying of the cornerstone of the Church of Christ," indicating that the confession of Jesus as the Christ was pivotal in the establishment of the church as a new spiritual community. Jesus' statement about the gates of Hell, or Hades, not prevailing against His church speaks to the enduring nature of this “called out assembly.” This declaration was a prophecy of triumph, even at a time when Jesus faced growing opposition and diminishing popularity. The church that Jesus would build would be comprised of individuals who, like Peter, acknowledge Him as the Christ, the Son of God, and become living stones in the spiritual edifice that Christ Himself is building. Jesus revealing Simon's name as Peter, or "rock," implies what Jesus had in mind all along for his destiny in light of God's purpose for Simon Peter.

Peter’s confession, therefore, was foundational for the church. What grace! That Jesus chose to reveal Himself as the Christ to someone like Peter—an ordinary man—rather than through the religious establishment. God’s truth is often revealed to the humble and sincere rather than the proud and self-righteous.

C. The Challenge of Recognition and Authority

Peter’s confession further reminds us that our knowledge of Jesus should not be superficial. Just as the people of Jesus’ time misunderstood His identity—mistaking Him for a prophet or a historical figure—so too do many in our world today fail to recognize who Jesus truly is. This lack of recognition is a profound trouble in our world: we are surrounded by confusion regarding the true identity and authority of Jesus. People may acknowledge Jesus as a good teacher, a moral leader, or a historical figure, but fail to see Him as the Christ of God, the only Savior. This failure to acknowledge Christ as Lord keeps many from understanding the full scope of His mission and what He calls us to do.

Like the religious leaders who failed to accept Jesus' authority, our world is plagued by pride and a refusal to submit. Peter's humble confession is a stark contrast to this spirit of self-reliance and self-righteousness. This transition from seeing Jesus through the lens of popular opinion to the divine revelation that Jesus is the Christ is necessary for us to move from passive knowledge to active discipleship. It is a call to recognize His authority and let that recognition transform us into those who carry His mission forward.

Our identity in Christ, like Peter's, must be redefined for divine purposes. Naming by Jesus is about conferring a role and responsibility, much like Peter’s role as a leader in the early church. Today, believers must grapple with this crisis of recognition and authority, choosing either to acknowledge Jesus as merely another voice among many or to confess Him as the Christ and allow Him to redefine our lives and our mission.

IV. Peter's Pending Failure (Luke 22:31-34)

A. Jesus' Warning (Luke 22:31-32)

Luke 22:31–32 AV 1873

31 And the Lord said, Simon, Simon, behold, Satan hath desired to have you, that he may sift you as wheat: 32 but I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not: and when thou art converted, strengthen thy brethren.

In Luke 22:31-32, Jesus knew Peter's human frailty and foretold his denial. Jesus warns Peter that Satan desires to sift him like wheat, but Jesus prays for Peter's faith to remain strong. This shows Jesus' awareness of the coming spiritual battle and His proactive intercession to sustain Peter through his weakness. Pastor Chappell pointed out, "Our strength is not in our bold declarations but in Jesus' intercession." Jesus prayed for Peter, and it was His prayer that sustained Peter through his weakness.

The use of "προδότης" (traitor or betrayer) concerning Judas in the list of apostles (Luke 6:16) already foreshadows the idea of failure and betrayal among those chosen. Although different in nature, Peter's denial was a failure anticipated by Jesus, yet it highlights Jesus' grace and restorative power. This prefigures the way Jesus also prepared Peter for restoration and eventual leadership.

- Some commentators, like Stephen Cole, highlight that Jesus' prayerful preparation before significant decisions and His intercession for Peter illustrates the necessity of praying for those under our leadership. We must rely on God's strength, not our own, for both our successes and the successes of those we lead. Others, such as John MacArthur, add that Jesus' foreknowledge of Peter's failure and His prayer for Peter's faith to not fail demonstrates the depth of Christ's love and His role as the ultimate intercessor for believers. Peter's restoration was part of a divine plan to demonstrate grace in action.

The fact that Jesus prayed for Peter embodies the essence of divine intercession in moments of weakness. While believers may falter, they are upheld by Christ's continual intercession before the Father, providing a foundation for hope and restoration (Godet, Commentary on Luke). As Paul reminds us in Romans 8:26-27, the Holy Spirit helps us in our weakness and intercedes with groanings that cannot be uttered. Furthermore, in Romans 8:34, Paul emphasizes that Jesus Himself is at the right hand of God, making intercession for us. Both the Holy Spirit and Jesus actively intercede on behalf of believers so that we are never without divine support in times of trial and weakness.

Romans 8:26–27 AV 1873

26 Likewise the Spirit also helpeth our infirmities: for we know not what we should pray for as we ought: but the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered. 27 And he that searcheth the hearts knoweth what is the mind of the Spirit, because he maketh intercession for the saints according to the will of God.

Romans 8:34 AV 1873

34 who is he that condemneth? It is Christ that died, yea rather, that is risen again, who is even at the right hand of God, who also maketh intercession for us.

B. The Cost of Discipleship (Luke 22:33-34)

Luke 22:33–34 AV 1873

33 And he said unto him, Lord, I am ready to go with thee, both into prison, and to death. 34 And he said, I tell thee, Peter, the cock shall not crow this day, before that thou shalt thrice deny that thou knowest me.

A Costly Confidence: Peter's Brash Declaration and Jesus' Riposte

In Luke 22:33-34, Peter boldly declares his readiness to follow Jesus to prison and even to death, but Jesus responds by predicting Peter's denial before the rooster crows. Evangelist Paul Schwanke highlighted that being chosen by Christ does not exempt us from trials; instead, it assures us that Christ is with us in the midst of them. Peter's misplaced confidence reminds us of the cost of discipleship—the necessity of humility and the reality that true strength comes from Christ, not our bold declarations.

The apostles faced great sacrifices, and many gave their lives for the Gospel. Historical accounts support this reality: according to tradition, Peter was crucified upside down in Rome under Emperor Nero. James, the brother of John, was executed by Herod Agrippa I, as recorded in Acts 12:2. Paul was also martyred in Rome, likely by beheading, while Thomas is believed to have been martyred in India. Each of the Twelve Apostles (except Judas Iscariot) was unwaveringly committed to Christ, even in the face of death.

Acts 12:2 AV 1873

2 And he killed James the brother of John with the sword.

Standing Firm in Faith: The Call to Discipleship

The Greek verb "ἵστημι" (to stand) used in our main text from Luke 6:17 conveys not just a physical standing but also a figurative sense of standing firm in one's calling. Luke's word choice foreshadows Peter's need to "stand" firm in his faith, especially after his denial and eventual restoration. Discipleship requires this stance—a readiness to be firmly planted in one's commitment, even through challenges.

C. Christ's Intercession for Our Weakness

Even when we fail, Jesus' grace is sufficient, and His prayers sustain us. This moment in Peter's life reveals the richness of God's grace—a grace that does not abandon us in our failures but actively seeks our restoration. We must recognize that our journey as disciples will inevitably be marked by struggles and setbacks. However, it is precisely through these trials that God's grace refines and strengthens our faith. Peter's experience is a powerful testimony that setbacks are not the conclusion of our story but rather opportunities for God's grace to be profoundly displayed. Just as Jesus prayed for Peter, He continues interceding for us today, ensuring that even when we stumble, there is hope for restoration and renewed purpose. This divine grace is the sustaining force that upholds every believer in their journey.

V. Peter's Restoration and Commission (John 21:15-19)

John 21:15–19 AV 1873

15 So when they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon Peter, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me more than these? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my lambs. 16 He saith to him again the second time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my sheep. 17 He saith unto him the third time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? Peter was grieved because he said unto him the third time, Lovest thou me? And he said unto him, Lord, thou knowest all things; thou knowest that I love thee. Jesus saith unto him, Feed my sheep. 18 Verily, verily, I say unto thee, When thou wast young, thou girdedst thyself, and walkedst whither thou wouldest: but when thou shalt be old, thou shalt stretch forth thy hands, and another shall gird thee, and carry thee whither thou wouldest not. 19 This spake he, signifying by what death he should glorify God. And when he had spoken this, he saith unto him, Follow me.

A. Jesus Restores Peter (John 21:15)

John 21:15 AV 1873

15 So when they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon Peter, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me more than these? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my lambs.

"Simon son of Jonas, lovest thou me more than these?"

After Peter denies Jesus, the risen Lord takes the initiative to restore Peter by asking him three times if he loves Him. This mirrors Peter's threefold denial, emphasizing both Peter's need for restoration and Jesus' readiness to forgive.

The term "agapas" used by Jesus in the first two questions and "phileis" in the third question point to the nuances in the Greek language for "love." Jesus begins by asking if Peter loves Him with the highest, self-sacrificing love and eventually meets Peter where he is, using the word for brotherly affection. This illustrates Jesus' grace and willingness to restore us despite our shortcomings. Many scholars have noted these nuances in the Greek language. While we should be careful not to impose more than warranted by these nuances, the distinct flavor in Jesus' choice of wording highlights His ability to meet Peter at his level of love and commitment.

B. A Renewed Call to Shepherd the Flock (John 21:17)

John 21:17 AV 1873

17 He saith unto him the third time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? Peter was grieved because he said unto him the third time, Lovest thou me? And he said unto him, Lord, thou knowest all things; thou knowest that I love thee. Jesus saith unto him, Feed my sheep.

"Feed my sheep."

Jesus forgives Peter and then, by His marvelous grace, commissions him to shepherd His flock. What reassurance! Peter's failure in denying Jesus did not disqualify him from a future in God's work. Well did the Master prophesy when He told him, "When thou art converted, strengthen thy brethren" (Luke 22:32).

Luke 22:32 AV 1873

32 but I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not: and when thou art converted, strengthen thy brethren.

- John MacArthur also pointed out in His The Master’s Men, that Jesus' command for Peter to "feed my sheep" encompasses the importance of pastoral care and nurturing God's people. This reminds us that, though one may worship God anywhere, the “called out assembly” is the place where God has chosen for us to find the spiritual nourishment we need. In Peter's first epistle, he reflects on this calling when he writes in 1 Peter 5:2-3, "Feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the oversight thereof, not by constraint, but willingly; not for filthy lucre, but of a ready mind; neither as being lords over God's heritage, but being examples to the flock."

1 Peter 5:2–3 AV 1873

2 feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the oversight thereof, not by constraint, but willingly; not for filthy lucre, but of a ready mind; 3 neither as being lords over God’s heritage, but being ensamples to the flock.

"True shepherding means serving humbly, caring willingly, and leading by example." ~ Dr. CJ Walker

Peter's role after his conversion exemplified these attributes of leadership and humble service while he cared for the body of Christ. When he exhorts his fellow "elders" alongside him, he speaks from personal experience with his heartfelt appeal.

C. The "Long Look" of Following Jesus (John 21:18-19)

John 21:18–19 AV 1873

18 Verily, verily, I say unto thee, When thou wast young, thou girdedst thyself, and walkedst whither thou wouldest: but when thou shalt be old, thou shalt stretch forth thy hands, and another shall gird thee, and carry thee whither thou wouldest not. 19 This spake he, signifying by what death he should glorify God. And when he had spoken this, he saith unto him, Follow me.

"When thou shalt be old, thou shalt stretch forth thy hands..."

Jesus foretells Peter's martyrdom, indicating the sacrifice required in following Him. Peter would eventually glorify God through his death, yet Jesus' words also highlight the importance of maintaining a "long look" in discipleship. This means understanding that the Lord determines the length of our service, whether it is one more day or several decades. Peter's curiosity about John's future (John 21:21-22) reminds us that our focus should not be on how God deals with others but on faithfully following Jesus one day at a time.

John 21:21–22 AV 1873

21 Peter seeing him saith to Jesus, Lord, and what shall this man do? 22 Jesus saith unto him, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee? follow thou me.

We are called to live each day as if it were our last while planning and laboring for Christ as if He might give us many more years to serve Him. This perspective brings balance—surrendering control of the future to the Lord and committing to daily faithfulness.

Transition: Restoration and Purpose

Peter's restoration is a beautiful depiction of grace in the biblical narrative. After his denial, Jesus did not discard Peter; instead, He sought him out, restored him, and commissioned him for a great purpose. This restoration is a potent reminder that Jesus' grace is always greater than our failures. It highlights that even when we fall short, God's grace can restore us and lead us into meaningful service for His kingdom. The narrative of Peter shows us that grace involves forgiveness and renewed purpose—turning our weaknesses into opportunities for God's glory. As Evangelist Paul Schwanke points out, Peter's story teaches us that God can use even the weakest vessels for His glory if they are willing to be molded and led by His Spirit.

VI. Peter's Bold Leadership in the Early Church (Acts 2:14-41)

Acts 2:14–41 AV 1873

14 But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lift up his voice, and said unto them, Ye men of Judea, and all ye that dwell at Jerusalem, be this known unto you, and hearken to my words: 15 for these are not drunken, as ye suppose, seeing it is but the third hour of the day. 16 But this is that which was spoken by the prophet Joel; 17 And it shall come to pass in the last days, saith God, I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams: 18 and on my servants and on my handmaidens I will pour out in those days of my Spirit; and they shall prophesy: 19 and I will shew wonders in heaven above, and signs in the earth beneath; blood, and fire, and vapour of smoke: 20 the sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before that great and notable day of the Lord come: 21 and it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved. 22 Ye men of Israel, hear these words; Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved of God among you by miracles and wonders and signs, which God did by him in the midst of you, as ye yourselves also know: 23 Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain: 24 whom God hath raised up, having loosed the pains of death: because it was not possible that he should be holden of it. 25 For David speaketh concerning him, I foresaw the Lord always before my face, for he is on my right hand, that I should not be moved: 26 therefore did my heart rejoice, and my tongue was glad; moreover also my flesh shall rest in hope: 27 because thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption. 28 Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou shalt make me full of joy with thy countenance. 29 Men and brethren, let me freely speak unto you of the patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried, and his sepulchre is with us unto this day. 30 Therefore being a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him, that of the fruit of his loins, according to the flesh, he would raise up Christ to sit on his throne; 31 he seeing this before, spake of the resurrection of Christ, that his soul was not left in hell, neither his flesh did see corruption. 32 This Jesus hath God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses. 33 Therefore being by the right hand of God exalted, and having received of the Father the promise of the Holy Ghost, he hath shed forth this, which ye now see and hear. 34 For David is not ascended into the heavens: but he saith himself, The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, 35 until I make thy foes thy footstool. 36 Therefore let all the house of Israel know assuredly, that God hath made that same Jesus, whom ye have crucified, both Lord and Christ. 37 Now when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart, and said unto Peter and to the rest of the apostles, Men and brethren, what shall we do? 38 Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost. 39 For the promise is unto you, and to your children, and to all that are afar off, even as many as the Lord our God shall call. 40 And with many other words did he testify and exhort, saying, Save yourselves from this untoward generation. 41 Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls.

A. The Day of Pentecost (Acts 2:14)

Acts 2:14 AV 1873

14 But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lift up his voice, and said unto them, Ye men of Judea, and all ye that dwell at Jerusalem, be this known unto you, and hearken to my words:

"Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice and said unto them..."

Pentecost was one of the major Jewish feasts, celebrated fifty days after Passover, and was known as the Feast of Weeks. Jews from many nations who had traveled to Jerusalem for this significant event were present. This diverse gathering was critical, as it ensured that the message of the Gospel would reach people from different regions and languages, providing the perfect opportunity for the birth of the church and the initial spread of the Gospel beyond Israel. The timing of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at this feast symbolized the beginning of a spiritual harvest, mirroring the agricultural harvest that Pentecost celebrated.

Filled with the Holy Spirit, Peter stands boldly before the crowd, proclaiming the Gospel of Jesus Christ. This boldness directly contrasts his earlier denial and reflects the power of the Holy Spirit at work in his life. In Acts 2:22-24, Peter declares, "Ye men of Israel, hear these words; Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved of God among you by miracles and wonders and signs... Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain: Whom God hath raised up, having loosed the pains of death."

This powerful proclamation, along with the conviction with which Peter preached, vividly demonstrates the work of the Holy Spirit in Peter's life and ministry. No longer do we see the man who once said, "Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, O Lord" (Luke 5:8). We are not looking at the man whom Jesus rebuked as "Satan" (Matthew 16:23), nor the one who thrice denied, "I know Him not" (Luke 22:61), and went out and wept bitterly (Luke 22:62). We are not seeing the dismal failure and shell of a man who declared, "I go a fishing" (John 21:3). Instead, we see a transformed Peter—empowered by the Spirit, standing as a demonstration of God's power, preaching with unction and holy boldness.

Luke 5:8 AV 1873

8 When Simon Peter saw it, he fell down at Jesus’ knees, saying, Depart from me; for I am a sinful man, O Lord.

Matthew 16:23 AV 1873

23 But he turned, and said unto Peter, Get thee behind me, Satan: thou art an offence unto me: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, but those that be of men.

Luke 22:61 AV 1873

61 And the Lord turned, and looked upon Peter. And Peter remembered the word of the Lord, how he had said unto him, Before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice.

Luke 22:62 AV 1873

62 And Peter went out, and wept bitterly.

John 21:3 AV 1873

3 Simon Peter saith unto them, I go a fishing. They say unto him, We also go with thee. They went forth, and entered into a ship immediately; and that night they caught nothing.

Back in our main text, Luke's repeated use of verbs like "ἐξέρχομαι" (to go out) in connection to Jesus and the apostles conveys action and mission. This emphasizes Peter's transition from disciple to apostle—a sent one. In Luke 6:12-13, Jesus spends the night in prayer and then formally chooses the Twelve, initiating their mission. This notion of "going out" aligns with the concept of being "sent" as apostles and is further demonstrated as they take on leadership roles in the early church, fulfilling their calling to spread the Gospel message. The language emphasizes the transition from disciples (learners) to apostles (sent ones), mirroring their growing role in the ministry. Peter's bold preaching directly resulted from this sending, which Jesus initiated through prayer and choosing the Twelve. God's empowerment through the Holy Spirit transformed Peter from a hesitant follower to a bold leader.

As other commentators have noted, Peter's sermon on Pentecost was a pivotal moment in church history, as the church was empowered by the enduement of the Holy Spirit in fulfillment of the promise of the Father that they should be the martyrs of Jesus to uttermost parts of the earth. It showed that, as another preacher once put it, the man who once feared a servant girl was now fearlessly addressing thousands, evidence of the Holy Spirit's transformative power.

B. Peter's Gospel Proclamation (Acts 2:14-41)

When you study the preaching of Peter, you will quickly notice that his sermons focused on the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus, emphasizing the core of the Gospel message. Whether to the Jews at Pentecost, or to Cornelius, the God-fearer, he boldly declared that Jesus was crucified by the hands of lawless men but was raised by the power of God, proving Him to be both Lord and Christ (Acts 2:23-24, 36).

Acts 2:23–24 AV 1873

23 Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain: 24 whom God hath raised up, having loosed the pains of death: because it was not possible that he should be holden of it.

Acts 2:36 AV 1873

36 Therefore let all the house of Israel know assuredly, that God hath made that same Jesus, whom ye have crucified, both Lord and Christ.

Peter also called on the crowd to repent and be baptized for the forgiveness of their sins, assuring them of the gift of the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:38-39).

Acts 2:38–39 AV 1873

38 Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost. 39 For the promise is unto you, and to your children, and to all that are afar off, even as many as the Lord our God shall call.

The response to Peter's Spirit-empowered preaching was nothing short of miraculous—about three thousand souls were added to the church that day, marking the beginning of the great harvest of souls that Jesus had promised would come. This is what Spirit-filled preaching and the power of God to convict the heart can do for those who have a ready mind to hear what the Spirit of God would say to them.

Peter's bold proclamation shows us that God can use us to make a difference when we are willing to speak out, empowered by the Spirit. Consider how, once timid and fearful, Peter found the courage to proclaim the Gospel boldly. Our natural weaknesses are no obstacle when we are filled with God's power.

Illustration: Consider the story of Moses, who struggled with his speech and was hesitant to confront Pharaoh. Yet, by God's grace, he became a powerful spokesman for Israel. In a more modern example, Winston Churchill, who suffered from severe anxiety and even became physically ill before public speaking engagements, overcame his fear by perseverance and reliance on his purpose. He went on to become one of the greatest orators of the 20th century, inspiring millions during the darkest days of World War II. Similarly, Peter, once unsure and frightened, found his voice through the empowerment of the Holy Spirit.

For us today, this means recognizing that God calls each of us to speak out for Him. Whether sharing our testimony, encouraging a friend, or boldly standing up for our faith in challenging situations, we must be willing to let God use us. This also serves as a reminder that every believer should be ready to share the hope that they have in Christ (1 Peter 3:15).

1 Peter 3:15 AV 1873

15 but sanctify the Lord God in your hearts: and be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you with meekness and fear:

Life Application: Start by praying for opportunities to share your faith and ask the Holy Spirit for boldness. You may not be standing before thousands like Peter, but even one conversation can change a life. Remember that God uses ordinary people in extraordinary ways when they are willing to be His vessels. Take practical steps—like writing down your testimony or rehearsing how you might answer common questions about your faith—to prepare yourself for when those opportunities arise. Just as Peter was transformed, we, too, can experience God's power when we are willing to step out in faith.

C. Peter's Leadership in Unity (Acts 2:42)

Acts 2:42 AV 1873

42 And they continued stedfastly in the apostles’ doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers.

"And they continued steadfastly in the apostles' doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers."

Peter plays a crucial role in leading the early church into unity and commitment to the teachings of Christ. His leadership was instrumental in establishing a community marked by mutual support, shared teaching, fellowship, and collective worship. In Acts 2:42, we see the early believers' continuing “steadfastly in the apostles' doctrine and fellowship, in breaking of bread, and in prayers.” This foundational community set a precedent for the church's role in mutual support and demonstrated the importance of intentional discipleship and relational investment. Peter's role in fostering this unity was crucial as it reflected the heart of Jesus' prayer in John 17:21—that His followers would be one as He and the Father are one. Through this unity, the early church became a living testimony of God's transformative power, drawing others to Christ through their authentic community life and steadfast commitment to His teachings.

John 17:21 AV 1873

21 that they all may be one; as thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, that they also may be one in us: that the world may believe that thou hast sent me.

Transition: Multiplying Disciples

Jesus' strategy in training the twelve apostles—investing intimately in a few so that they would go out and train others—illustrates the principle of Multiplication, similar to the model Paul later followed (2 Timothy 2:2).

2 Timothy 2:2 AV 1873

2 And the things that thou hast heard of me among many witnesses, the same commit thou to faithful men, who shall be able to teach others also.

It serves as the blueprint for us today. It reinforces the Great Commission: Win Them, Baptize them, Disciple them, and Start more Churches that will do the same. In a word, Multiplication. Empowered by the Holy Spirit, Peter embraced this call and led others into the path of discipleship. In our world, we are called to do the same—to invest in others, nurture their faith, and equip them to go out and do likewise. This Multiplication is the grace of God at work, transforming individuals and communities through faithful discipleship. Let us take up this mantle, understanding that the power of God through His Spirit can use our efforts to bring others closer to Him, one person at a time.

Conclusion: Lessons from the Path of Peter

We’ve covered much in our pursuit of Simon Peter. Let’s remember some of the high points along the way, lest we be forgetful hearers, and thereby neglect the doing of the Word that God has given us.

From Fear to Faithful Leadership

Peter's transformation from a fearful denier to a bold and faithful leader reminds us that God's grace is sufficient to cover our failures. God does not see us through the lens of our past mistakes but through the lens of His redemptive grace. Jesus gave Peter a new name that symbolized his new identity and mission. Peter was not only called to follow but also transformed to lead. By the grace of God, any life surrendered to Him can be changed into a vessel fit for the Master's use.

With his new identity and a God-given purpose, this simple fisherman turned foundational leader of the early church inspires us to consider how, in a similar way, God calls each of us by a new name in Christ, much like the promise of the “white stone” given to the overcomer in Revelation 2:17, which includes a new name known only to the one who receives it.

Revelation 2:17 AV 1873

17 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it.

He redefines our identity and gives us a unique role within His kingdom. Reflect on how God has already worked in your life, reshaping who you are and what He calls you to do. Just as Peter was called to a specific mission, each believer is called to serve within the body of Christ.

Ask yourself:

- What is the new identity God has given you in Christ? Reflect on how God has taken you from where you were and brought you to where you are now, and consider what He might be calling you to become.

- What unique role is God calling you to fulfill within the church? Like Peter, who became a "rock" for the early believers, God has a purpose for each of us that contributes to the growth and stability of His church.

I challenge you to embrace the identity God gives you and step into the roles He has prepared for you, trusting in His power to redefine and use you for His glory! Claim the promise of Romans 12:1-2 to prove what God's good, acceptable, and perfect will is for your life.

Romans 12:1–2 AV 1873

1 I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. 2 And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God.

The Symbolism of the Twelve

The number twelve is symbolic and connected to the twelve tribes of Israel. This continuity indicates that Jesus was not abandoning the promises made to Israel but was establishing a new foundation for God's people through the apostles, of whom Peter was foundational. Nothing can ultimately circumvent God's purposes, though His will can be limited by unbelief, as demonstrated by the blind religious leaders of Israel who thought they had a monopoly on the mind and will of God. In their sinful and self-righteous pride, they rejected the truth of God staring them in the face. By God's grace in breaking them off, countless souls have come to enjoy eternal life by grace through faith in Jesus Christ and have been thereby grafted into God's blessings despite men's failure (cf. Romans 9-11). This helps us see the link between God's Old Testament promises, the fulfillment that came through Jesus and His apostles, and how important Peter would be (John 1:17). There is a lost and dying world out there that needs to know of His grace to save (Romans 10:17).

John 1:17 AV 1873

17 For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ.

Romans 10:17 AV 1873

17 So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God.

The Role of Humility

Peter's humility in recognizing his own sinfulness (Luke 5:8) set the stage for his growth. God draws near to the humble and uses those who acknowledge their need for Him. Peter's acknowledgment of his unworthiness (Luke 5:8) was essential for his calling. As followers of God, as dear children, we must remember that God's grace defines our service, not our human capabilities.

Luke 5:8 AV 1873

8 When Simon Peter saw it, he fell down at Jesus’ knees, saying, Depart from me; for I am a sinful man, O Lord.

Jesus' emphasis on discipleship involves a total, life-encompassing commitment—nothing else should come ahead of it, not even our families or personal creature comforts. With Peter's journey from a humble fisherman to a faithful and fearless apostle, he would be called on to make himself a living sacrifice if he were to follow Christ wholeheartedly. He had to learn complete dependence on Christ, as "the arm of flesh will fail you."

The Power of the Holy Spirit

In closing, Peter's courage at Pentecost was not of his own making—it was the result of being filled with the Spirit. We, too, can be confident to serve God boldly when we rely on His Spirit for strength.

Challenge: Let us learn from Peter that while failures may mark our journey, God is able to restore us, equip us, and use us for His glory. Let us commit to following Jesus wholeheartedly, relying on His Spirit, and trusting in His grace through every challenge.